Admission Essay & Medical

Why are you interested in entering this major or field? I am interested for this field because I find it noble and very fascinating. Without the Radiologic Technician, nobody understands the use of x-rays and how it works. This profession would give me the ability to understand more on x-rays and other related and important topics.2. What are your goals after you graduate from Harcum? After I graduate from Harcum, I will immediately practice my profession as Radiologic Technician and serve people who need my service. At the same time, I will educate myself more or have an advance studies which is related to Radiology to update myself about newfangled technology and be a better Radiologic Technician. 3. How can Harcum assist you in attaining your goals?I consider Harcum as a good match for my learning because it is a college that has so much to offer. I strongly believe that the professors and facilities here are well-equipped which are able to assist and cater the needs of the studen ts.One thing that attracts me most in this college is the way the professors teach their students. This is the college too which has close cooperation with the community which serves to the functioning of modern education. We all know that the community needs the school as a positive force for social and economic betterment.There are many problems in the community, such as those relating to health, economic, and social problems, that can be solved by educative process. This college is one agency in the community equipped to lead in the solution of problems.I believe that Harcum College can be useful in promoting and improving community life and conditions and which will enable less fortunate people to live richer, fuller, and better everyday lives, as well as on the development of techniques of their studies.I also believe that this college enhanced my skills, abilities, and attitudes to be more learned and extend it to the community. The university does not only educate the student s academically but it is concerned too with the interaction of human individuals and their environment. In addition, the university is concerned with producing growth or changes in human knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, feelings, morals, and habits of every type.

Geography Bangladesh Coursework

To what extent does the Physical Environment of Bangladesh determine its level of development? What efforts could be made to reduce the country's problems? The aim of this coursework is to investigate how Bangladesh's Physical environment is affecting the rate of the development of the country. Furthermore, to explore what efforts could be made to reduce the country's problems. [Section 1] To what extent does the Physical Environment of Bangladesh determine its level of development? Bangladesh is situated in South Asia. It is surrounded by India, and borders Burma. The population is roughly 150 million people; 45% of it's population is in poverty. The minority of the population of in Bangladesh are located in Dhaka, the capital city, Chittagong and Khulna; most of the population are located in rural areas. The main river running through Bangladesh is the Ganges-Brahmaputra. This river is the main cause of the issues in Bangladesh. Monsoons occur every year, without fail, causing the country even more problems. Only 40. % of the adult population are literate, and only 21. 6% of children have secondary education. The government are continually trying to solve the problems, but this is unsuccessful as a result of the country's poor wealth. Bangladesh is 49. 8% below the poverty line referring to its wealth, and its rapid population growth hinders the development of the country. There are many reasons why Bangladesh is an LEDC. The main reason for this, is the flooding which occurs every year as a harsh result of the monsoons, prohibiting the speed of development. The river Ganges-Brahmaputra is seen as an ‘untameable' river, which changes its form very frequently. This causes disaster in itself as it destroys many parts of Bangladesh's fertile land which is at is best by the river. As a result of this, there are a lot of homes located along the river as it is a main source of water for everyday life, and to provide jobs such as farming and agricultural work. As a result of this, the continuous building and rebuilding of communities uses time and money, consequently slowing down the progression of the country. Another reason for Bangladesh being an LEDC is a consequence of its highly dense population. This would not be a problem if money was sufficient in Bangladesh, but the country is poor, meaning it cannot provide for its large number of inhabitants. Finally, the aid given to Bangladesh by other countries can be useless, for example, much of the money aid given to the Bangladeshi government, are loans. When the country cannot afford pay back the loans, Bangladesh is in more and more debt, meaning the development of the country is decelerate. Furthermore, most of the other aid given to the country does not help the poor, continuing poverty; highly-skilled experts can be expensive, again spending the money the government do not have; charities can be influenced by the people who support them, therefore the aid given may to be teach a certain subject, whereas simple life skills may be of more use; and fi- nally, the aid may be given to individuals, rather than communities which would be more useful. Bangladesh is between stages 2 and 3 in development. The country is poorly educated, meaning families are stuck in a poverty circle. This is when a family are poor, they have many children because the majority of them will die due to disease and malnutrition. The family need the surviving children to work to provide for the family, and to look after the parents when they are old. Then the children have children, who will do the same for their parents. This is a vicious circle which is extremely hard to get out of. Another reason why Bangladesh is in between the stages 2 and 3 is because of the floods, continually destroying parts of the country, and their valuable crops which help to provide many, many families with income. Furthermore, the money aid given to the country is usually in the form of loans; when the country is unable to repay these loans, they get into serious debt. The reason Bangladesh is in the development stages between 2 and 3 is as a result of a combination of factors. (Data from 1989. ) The employment structure in Bangladesh is very different from here in the UK. In the UK, just 7% of the population are unemployed; whereas in Bangladesh, 25% of the population are unemployed. Of those who are employed, 75% work in agricultural jobs such as, farming the fertile land. In the UK, only 2% of the population are employed for agricultural positions. % of the Bangladeshi population are working for the industry, and 20% of the UK work for the industry. 78% of the employed population in the UK are working in services, and just 19% in Bangladesh. This data shows that Bangladesh are still very much relying on the old way of life, working on farms for example, while most of the population in the UK are working in jobs such as policemen/women. This also implies that if the land is damaged, or crops do not flourish successfully as a result of the flooding, almost four fifths of the population suffer from an immense fall in their income. This is a major reason contributing to why Bangladesh's physical environmental is such an impact on the stage of development. Bangladesh do have another way of making money though. They export some goods, mainly to the US. The main exports are fish products, textiles, clothing and jute (a type of woven material). This brought in $1,305 million to Bangladesh in 1989. Bangladesh is situated in Asia. It borders Burma, and is surrounded by India. The land in Bangladesh is mainly floodplains and delta; suggesting that there would be a high level of flooding in the country, slowing down any development of the area. As we can see from the map, (below), most of the land is in the colour blue, meaning it is very close to sea level, increasing the chances of flooding. Also, there are many swampy locations liable to flooding. The majority of the country is up to just 10 meters above sea level. The country is flat, also meaning when large amounts of flooding by the large and main rivers occur, the water would spread out quickly, therefore this would affect vast areas of the country, rather than just secluded areas. The main rivers flowing through Bangladesh are the River Brahmaputra, the River Meghna and the River Ganges. This, therefore, affects a huge number of the people, as when the rivers flood, the rivers are close together, increasing the volume of the flood water, and increasing the impact on the Bangladeshi society. As a result of the country being mainly floodplains and the four main rivers running through, building on the plains would be unconstructive and a waste of valuable money, this meaning the development of the country is very limited, due to the physical features of Bangladesh. The climate in Bangladesh is split into three main phases; the hot season, the cool season and the rainy season. The hot season is between March and June. The cool season is between November and February, and the rainy season is between June to September. The hot season is known to consist of some heavy showers. Depending on the area, the amount of rainfall throughout Bangladesh in the rainy season, ranges between 200cm and 300cm; the north tends to have the most rain. During this season, tropical rainstorms occur also. These can cause very strong winds and more heavy rain. The wind spreads the flood water out more over many miles, causing excess flooding, prohibiting development of the country further. The temperatures in Bangladesh are fairly consistent. The temperatures do drop during the winter, but on average, do not fall to below 10 degrees Celsius. In the summer, the temperatures reach their highest during April and May. These temperatures are roughly 34 degrees Celsius. The annual monsoons have devastating effects on the people of Bangladesh. Firstly, the floods have destroyed many of the Bangladeshi people's homes and many communities, leaving some dead, and some badly injured. Aid has to be called for as the country cannot support itself alone, meaning they have to rely on others. Another effect is that cattle are stranded and worse, drowned in the floods. This means farmers are losing valuable ‘tools,' consequently loosing money as a result. Furthermore, the water will become stagnant and cause things to rot, attracting vermin, eventually spreading disease. In addition to this, homes and building vital for development of the country will be destroyed, bringing development back to square one every time there is a major flood. As we can see, there is a huge impact of monsoons on the whole country, keeping it in a state of poverty. Yes, the weather does effect the development of the country as every time the country is flooded, valuable and limited money is spent on repairs and aid. This can get Bangladesh onto serious debt, meaning money is spent on other things which need to be spent on development, stumping the development of the country on a regular basis. There are three main rivers running through Bangladesh. There is the River Brahmaputra (below left and below right), the River Meghna and the River Ganges. The River Brahmaputra is the largest of the three; it is 2,900km long in total. The river does not start in Bangladesh, but it splits into two there. The river also flows through Tibet, India and China as well as Bangladesh. The rivers source is high up in the Himalayas in Tibet, and travels at a steep anticlimax until it finally levels out in the plains in India. After 35km of travel, the river joins to two others, and becomes the very wide River Brahmaputra. The river travels into Bangladesh, and is used there for a range of purposes. The main ones being a source of energy, food, clean water, deposition of waste in the deepest parts, defence barriers and transport. One of the most important uses of the river is for energy. Because there are waves, generators are assembled and when the waves reflect off of them, energy and power is created. Much energy is produced every second because the river is so large. Another main use of the river, is that it is fast moving water, (not as fast as the Ganges), meaning it is fresh, enabling the people to use it as drinking water. People will bottle this water, and sell it. A good way of making money. People are able to use boats and swim in the river as the water is not as rough in the River Brahmaputra than it is in the River Ganges. The river causes many problems as well as being of use to the people. When it floods, which is every year, it kills crops, people and cattle. It also destroys homes and leaves villages wrecked. The river Ganges is seen as a wild and untameable river. Its source is also in the Himalayas at the confluence of six other rivers. A confluence is the meeting of two or more rivers or water sources. The Ganges then flows through India and into Bangladesh. The river is seen as sacred to the people because when it comes into the city of Kanpur, it is joined by the Yamuna at Allahabad. This point is recognised as the Sangam at Allahabad. The Sangam is a scared place in Hinduism, therefore the river has some religious meaning to it. The River Ganges has also been used for modern day films, and to test out new submarines. Because of its unique features, some submarines and other vessels have been named after it. The final main river is the River Meghna. This river begins its journey in the hilly regions of India. It is the only one of the three main rivers that actually forms inside of Bangladesh itself. It is a very dangerous river, so the people who live near it, cannot use it as it is so very dangerous. Its only use to its people is that it deposits a lot of silt, so therefore the local farmers can enjoy successful crops. As we can see, each river has advantages and disadvantages. The River Ganges is viewed as the least constructive of the main rivers as it is prone to flooding, and the deposition of silt is low, meaning it is of little use to farmers. In addition to this, the river is highly polluted. The River Meghna is useful as it deposits a lot of silt, yet is far too dangerous to bath or wash, cook clean etc. in. So, this means that the River Brahmaputra is the most useful to the country. It allows people drinking water, water to cook, clean and sell. Furthermore, it is a huge supplier of energy to Bangladesh, meaning it is valuable for the development of the country. Deforestation does have a large impact on the rivers in Bangladesh. It increases the amount of surface runoff where the forest has been cleared because there is no interception of the plants and there are no trees to use the extra water in photosynthesis. This means that the surface runoff will flow into the rivers, causing the water levels to rise, and contributing to the flooding. To conclude, the rivers have uses, but are also prone to at least 3 major floods a year, hindering the development of the country. Deforestation is causing a rise in water levels also. However, the River Brahmaputra is a useful source of energy, helping to contribute to the development of the country. There are many things which are being done to overcome the Bangladesh's problems. As a result of the country's poor wealth, it is a great struggle to try to pull the country out of its current state of poverty. There already have been, and will be many schemes to try to rule out the problems Bangladesh has and is experiencing. For example, the Flood Action Plan was set up, also, the World Bank plan was established, flood guards have been purchased, and the H. E. E. D scheme was set up. The H. E. E. D Scheme The H. E. E. D scheme was developed and designed by the Tear Fund. The Tear Fund is a Christian Charity, working globally to try to eliminate poverty. The H. E. E. D scheme's aim was to support villages in Bangladesh to push for a better future. H. E. E. D stands for Health, Education, Economic, Development. The scheme operates by addressing the roles of both women and men in society to allow everybody to play a part in trying to overcome problems, together. Women form in groups of about 20 to discuss problems and show that they have a voice and that they also have rights in society. Only the women are able to do this as they are the only ones who have the time. Their main role is to be a housewife, looking after the family, while the men are out working. The men work as farmers all day, therefore they are unable to support the women as much.

Cognitive development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cognitive development - Research Paper Example Teachers can plan lessons effectively and create positive learning environments for their students if they are more cognizant of how people process, learn, and remember information (Blake & Pope, 2008). Piaget perceives learning process from a constructivism perspective, where people get to know through gradual stages by adapting to the environment, while Vygotsky believes that learning occurs through social interaction. As a teacher prepares to teach, there is need to balance the approaches of Piaget and Vygotsky given that learning is both a constructive process and a product of social interaction. Piaget holds the view that cognitive development happens through a series of schemes, which are basic building blocks of thinking. To Piaget, people make sense of the world and create knowledge from direct experiences with people, objects, and ideas. Additionally, the development of the thinking process is influenced by maturation, social transmission, activity and need for social equilibrium. These influences make thinking processes and knowledge develop via alterations in thought organization (schemes), adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation (Woolfolk, 2013, p. 57). It is the duty of the teacher to know what the learners can assimilate, meaning placing the environment in existing cognitive structures, and what they can accommodate, which means changing the cognitive structures to accept something in the environment (Blake & Pope, 2008, p. 61). The teacher must know the state of existing cognitive structures of the learners and their capability to change to be effective. On his part, Vygotsky holds that people’s mental structures and processes are attributable to social interactions with others. Vygotsky upholds the notion that scaffolding, which is the idea that children utilize the help of adults and peers to create a firm foundation that eventually allows them to deal with problems on their

The Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge Case Study

The Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge - Case Study Example The design also integrated piers along the bridge’s span for support. Additionally, incorporated in the design were several checking cables, as well as, devices proposed to be installed along the bridge’s spans to hold the deck down, preventing it from turning in the wind. Evident from the planning phase, the Authority and suspension bridge specialist, Moisseiff had the sole intention of constructing an affordable and safe bridge to benefit residents of Kitsap and Tacoma. However, the phase was not without flaws and ethical missteps. First, the authority turned down a bridge design previously proven safe, for a narrow suspension bridge design, never constructed before just because it was cheaper. The other design flaw was failure to take into account the actual wind force to which the bridge would be exposed. Additionally, during the planning phase, emphasis was placed on the structural components of the bridge. Of particular interest were the recommended open girders, which were later replaced with solid ones by the local building engineer during design execution. The plan was also flawed in regard to location selection for the bridge construction. The Tacoma Narrows; topography is highly susceptible to winds of high intensity, making it an unsuitable location to put up a suspension bridge (Pinto 221). Question #2 Qualitative risk matrix Likelihood Insignificant 1 Minor 2 Moderate 3 Major 4 Catastrophic 5 A(Almost Certain) M H H E E B(Likely) M M H H E C(Possible) L M M H E D(Unlikely) L M M M H E(Rare) L L M M M Level of Risk: (E)-Extreme Risk (H)-High Risk (m)-Moderate Risk (L)-Low Risk According to the chart above, the level of risk, rather obvious for the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, was high. This is because, the level of risk posed by the bridge necessitated formulation of a detailed action of plan on the way forward, in dealing with the issues arising when the bridge was still under construction. For instance, during construction the attaching t ie-down cables snapped and proved to be ineffective. The bridge was also swayed by the wind presenting critical danger, an aspect attributable to its light weight and its narrow nature. Therefore, the level of risk was undoubtedly high, even though it could not be termed as catastrophic at this early stage. However as time progressed there were indications that the bridge would collapse. This notion rose from the increased number of risk factors that were identifiable on the bridge. For instance, slight winds would make the bridge sway to great levels and even cause wave like oscillations, posing great danger to motorists. This was because; instead of the bridge allowing wind to pass, it was acting like a kite, trapping moving air with its flat sides. Another risk factor warranting the classification of TNB as a high risk structure was, the topography of the Tacoma Narrows which made the bridge weaker, since it lay directly across the path of the wind, thus exposing it to maximum im pact. The engineers also changed some of the recommended design elements thus increasing the structure’s probability of collapsing. All these were major factors that heightened the TNB’s risk level. Even though it was hard for individuals to notice all the risk aspects when the bridge was being built, the engineers should have identified the risk in the design, sighting of the bridge or

Study Case of Goldman Sachs and the Real Estate Bubble

Of Goldman Sachs and the Real Estate Bubble - Case Study Example e an evaluation of what really happened, prescribe alternatives that ought to have been taken, give recommendations about how such a situation can be avoided and finally give a conclusion. Goldman Sachs is one of the biggest, and leading financial institutions in the world. Founded in the year 1869, it is an investment bank that is regarded the leading world investment bank. It is also involved in the management of investments and securities and also provides a variety of consultancy and other services across the world. The net revenue that Goldman Sachs raked in from its wide portfolio of services in the year 2011 was over 28 billion dollars (Konecny, 2012). It is also known for employing the top cream of the best universities who help propel it to such great heights, with top officials sitting at the treasury, such as the former secretary to the treasury, Henry Paulson, and other government financial institutions being past employees of Goldman Sachs. So what was the involvement of this giant company in the real estate bubble hit? Its involvement, both direct and indirect, can be simplified into three. Firstly, it sold securities which were mortgage- related and ove rpriced to investors without actually telling them the obvious risks that lay ahead. Secondly, Goldman Sachs, through its mortgage division’s Alternative Mortgage Products, made bets that the values of the securities would dip following a drop in the prices of houses in the United States. The third involvement of the investment bank in the housing bubble issue was its indirect connections with powerful government executives, who were actually former executives at Goldman. This made way for its receipt of bailout money from payments advanced to entities it had acquired such as AIG after the collapse of the bubble (Cohan, 2012). A number of reasons have been put forth in an attempt to explain the causes of the housing bubble. Such explanations include deregulation of financial institutions, misguided

Applying Mathematical Concepts to Business Administration Essay

Applying Mathematical Concepts to Business Administration - Essay Example Despite this, many students still fail to realize just how important mathematics can be in their chosen profession. Other students mistakenly believe that the extent to which mathematics will play a role in their profession will be a minor role. In truth, mathematics is used daily in a variety of professional fields including business administration, and can often play a role in problem resolution. Some business related problems that can be solved with mathematics are payroll discrepancies and funding needs. Business Administration entails a multitude of tasks and responsibilities. Many of these components can become problematic if proper mathematics is not applied. For example, a business owner or manager may, at times, be held responsible for pay roll, accounts payables, accounts receivables, determining advertising or marketing needs, and writing various proposals. Although business owners can and often do hire help to perform these many functions, understanding the concepts will ensure that the business owner can accurately monitor the progress and effectiveness of his or her employees or contracted associates. Owning a business can present a variety of problems, including conflict resolution, competition, and establishing a loyal customer base. Some of these problems cannot be solved by the use of mathematics. However, several other problems can arise that will require a solid knowledge of mathematics and an understanding of how to apply mathematical skills: Having [at least] an introduction to these topics will provide you with the basics needed for initial analysis of financial situations in your business. This information is critical to successfully managing the financial aspects of your business (Jones International University 1). Although it may appear trite to first reference financial aspects of an organization as a source of potential problems faced by business administrators and owners, the problems that can stem out of a business's financial matters can be immense. If these problems are handled improperly, they could prove to be fatal for the business. One such problem is with proper payroll accounting. Payroll embodies the life-blood of a company's employees, contracted employees, and management staff. Put simply, payroll is the monetary compensation such employees receive in exchange for their work and services provided to the company or on the behalf of the company. The most common problem that can occur with payroll is inadequate tracking of hourly employees (Corpus Christi Caller 1). Hourly employees, or those employees who receive compensation based on the number of hours they work during a specific amount of time, can make mistakes regarding their time tracking. Additionally, managers can make mistakes when calculating the wage amount for an employee for one specific pay-period. When a mistake is found, several mathematics concepts will come into play to find the mistake and work to resolve the issue. First, to find the exact mistake, the manager's first step will be to recalculate the wages based on the employees hourly pay-rate and the number of hours that employee has reported working. Doing this will require a basic mathematical concept; simply multiply the number of hours worked by the employee's hourly wage amount and round the product up or down to the nearest 100th. Should this answer not match the amount shown on the check, then the problem can be resolved by issuing a new check for the amount of the difference. However, if this new product does match the amount

Data Recovery Software Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Data Recovery Software - Term Paper Example Judging by job websites such as Monster.com Computer Networking professional administers, maintains, and troubleshoots personal computers, printers and associated peripherals in a managed network environment to ensure a reliable computing system for other company staff, assists users as needed, administers, maintains, and troubleshoots telephone and voice mail systems. Mitchell names following basic job titles for computer networking and networking-related positions: Network Administrator, Network (Systems) Engineer, Network (Service) Technician, Network Programmer/Analyst, and Network/Information Systems Manager. By the data from US Department of Labour computer support, specialists and systems network administrators held about 758,000 jobs in 2002. 813,000 jobs were forecasted for 2003, so demand for Computer Networking professionals is growing. Judging by job websites, such as Monster.com following technical skills are required for Computer Networking professionals: Strong working knowledge of installing, configuring, and troubleshooting personal computers in a network environment. In-depth technical knowledge of popular software: Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2003 Server, Administration tools / Ping & trace utils, Backup software, Data recovery software, Help desk software, Network inventory software,   Network monitoring/management, Remote control software, Software distribution, and metering and Storage software. Understanding needs, identifying root causes of problems, and development and implementation creative and pragmatic solutions. Ability to diagnose and resolve hardware and software problems for end-users, such as difficulties accessing and utilizing network-based resources. Monitoring virus infection notifications. Monitoring and responds to alerts and other observed troubles with network servers, infrastructure, print queues.   

Comparing Income Statements From Different Industries Essay - 1

Comparing Income Statements From Different Industries - Essay Example Their 2013 and 2014 annual reports will facilitate this analysis. The gross profit margin shows the ability of an entity to control its cost of sales and management’s efficiency in producing each unit of a product (Tracy, 2012). From table 1 above, the gross profit margins for General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc. were 13.19%, 60.29%, 38.58% and 24.82% respectively. Operating profit margin, on the other hand, shows an entity’s ability to control its operating expenses such as selling and distribution costs, and administrative expenses. From table I, operating profit margins for General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc. were 3.30%, 29.35%, 28.72% and 5.64% respectively. In the same context, the net profit margin indicates an entity’s ability to control its financing expenses (Tracy, 2012). In this regard, General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc.’s net profit margins were 3.43%, 21.06%, 21.61% and 3.36% respectively as shown in table 1 above. Besides the effects of operating expenses and financing activities on the profit margins computed above, the Entrepreneur Media, Inc. (2009) associates the differences in these margins to the different industries that the companies analyzed in this case operate in. As such, these industries treat their inventories differently from each other1. This paper aimed at comparing profit margins for different companies, operating in different industries. From this comparison, it has been evidenced that an entity’s ability to control its costs, directly affects its gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin. Additionally, the different ways in which different entities in different industries account for their inventories also affect their

Implementing Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Implementing Strategy - Research Paper Example The above organizational chart would work for IKEA because it would help make its operation less complicated. The Ingka Foundation would act as the executive committee. This committee would provide direction and support to the regional structure. The committee would handle IKEA’s strategic priorities. The regional structure should compose the members of the executive committee other than the Chief Executive Officer (Ingvar Kamprad or his successor). These other members of the IKEA’s executive committee should head the regions in which the company operates. This would provide for representation of the regions in the decision-making role of the executive committee and enhance the implementation its policies while reporting regional needs and emergent circumstances to the company’s top leadership (Steers et. al., 2010). The regional structure is meant to enhance connection with local consumers through a combination of localization and centralization. This would help overcome the challenges that IKEA encountered when it launched into the US market. Consumers of different regions have varying tastes and preferences and as long as IKEA does not adopt a regional structure, it will not address the needs of the consumers of the regions in to which it might expand. IKEA should allow the regional structure to vary its management to suit their environments. This would also have the advantage of speeding up the decision-making process especially because regional leaders will sit in the executive committee meetings (Wheelen & Hunger, 2012). The lowest level in this proposed organizational chart is the strategic business unit (SUB). These units are the geographically operating segments that would have several advantages for IKEA. They would help IKEA meat the taste and lifestyle needs of the people of their different geographical regions. Different geographical regions are different stages of development and SUBs would help IKEA vary its

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment Relations - Essay Example Therefore, this present study seeks to critically evaluate this premise in order to establish whether it is a valid truth or not. While evaluating this statement, relevant theories and evidence with respect to the different formats of employee involvement and participation will be looked analysed, and additionally, some quote examples will be presented in order to illustrate the arguments presented within the paper. To begin with, it is critical to define the three key terms that appear on the title of this essay and this include employee involvement, which has been described by Blyton and Turnbull (2004), as the creation of an environment within the workplace whereby employees have an impact on the actions and decisions that relate with their roles and responsibilities. Bach (2005) on his part described employee involvement as the equal participation of workers in the decision making of how work is to be done, improvement of work performance, setting of objectives, planning and moni toring of their work performance. Secondly, Blyton and Turnbull (2004) described employee participation as a part of employee involvement that is intended to provide workers with the opportunity to influence and in certain circumstances play an active role in the decision making process of issues that affects them. As for employee empowerment, Ezzamel and Willmott (1998) simply defined it as a manipulation tool or management control that is critical in the attainment of full organisational potential. Alternatively, Bach (2005) described employee empowerment as management strategies for sharing decision-making power between the management and the employees. Employee involvement and participation does not empower employees It is noted that in the writings by Bach (2005) the term ‘empower’ means giving power to another party and hence giving the same party some form of independency. The statement suggests that employee do not gain power through involvement and participatio n in the work processes that includes the decision making process. Edwards and Wajcman (2005) lamented that the acts of involvement and participation do not transfer power to the employees. This is because it is still the powerful managers who get to decided and even design how employees will be involved in the actions and decision that relate to their job and to what extent they can participate in the decision making process within an organisation. Therefore, from the simple fact that powerful managers are the ones who get to set the extent or design of employee involvement and participation it definitely means that employees do not even have an actual power in their involvement and participation since it is the managers who set these on their own terms. From the definition of the term employee involvement and participation, it is evidently clear that in the strategies, employees are only meant to contribute or state their opinions or views regarding matters that affect their jobs. Therefore, it is not as if they are taking full charge of matters affecting their jobs, which could have meant that they are fully empowered through involvement and participation. Hyman and Mason (1995) further added that by contributing to a process it means that one does not have full control over the process. With reference to the writings by Lashley (2001), he argued that in the current

Physical Therapist Report Essay Example for Free

Physical Therapist Report Essay The career I’m most interested in is Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy is Rehabilitation concerned with the restoration of function and prevention of physical disability following disease, injury or loss of body parts. (www. emonetwork. org/terms. asp) Physical Therapist have a very direct relationship with their patients and work with them over a period of time to help them become more mobile. There are numerous reasons why I want to become a physical therapist. Science, since I can remember, has always been my favorite and best subject in school. It’s what I find the most interesting and learn the easiest. Life Science, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics are all courses I have enjoyed taking. I’ve always known I was going to do something in the Healthcare Profession as a career but I never knew what until recently. I chose physical therapy because its not as much school as a doctor would go through, it’s great pay, you get to help patients live a better life, you get a lot of benefits including health insurance, and employment is expected to grow much faster then the average. Physical therapist earn an average salary of $70,000. They also get paid vacations. Helping people everyday and watching them progress is something I would enjoy doing in life. Physical therapist spend about seven years in school total depending on how long it takes you to complete your undergraduate degree. After completing your undergraduate degree you would have to go through an accredited Physical therapist graduate school, which takes about three years. I plan on going either to Sonoma State University or CSU East Bay to complete my undergraduate degree in kinesiology. After that I want to go to graduate school at the University of California San Francisco. Where: After I complete my Masters and become a licensed physical therapist I want to move to Southern California and work in a hospital down there. After a few years I want to open my own physical therapy business and be self-employed in my own private practice.

Architecture to Combat Global Warming

Architecture to Combat Global Warming Introduction: Global warming is serious problem affecting our planet, if continually ignored, climate change, air quality, the environment, and over all quality of life of mankind is at serious risk. As Architects what measures can we take to prevent and adjust to a changing world? Even though it is very difficult to reverse all the damage done by global warming and get cooperation by all industries and fields, I believe it is an Architects job to lead and be the change we so desperately need. The purpose of this research report is to bring awareness not only to global warming but also look into the importance of Architecture, to combat global warming. I believe Architecture is the key to changing future infrastructure that leaves no building footprint and works with environment not against it. My report will address questions of what global warming is and its causes and effects. Also I will begin to address the role Architects play in regard to this changing environment. I provide key components Architects keep in mind in their design decisions, like skin and site placement, and give building precedents that display progressive green design. Global Warming: In order for anyone to deal with crisis of global warming, we must understand what it is and how it came to be. According to the United Nations Panel on Climate Change, climate change or global warming intensifies the greenhouse effect, a natural process that keeps the Earths climate in an agreeable range for life.Located in the Earths upper atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases constantly absorb heat and reflect it back to the Earths surface. These greenhouse gases keep our planets temperature fairly warm and habitable for us to live. The greenhouse effect is a very important and vital part of the Earths ecosystem and balance but from the beginning of the industrial age, humans have increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide due to combustions of fossil fuels. The extraction of coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity, to provide fuel for transportation, and drive our manufacturing processes, results in carbon dioxide emissions. Role of Architects: Architects potentially play a huge role in reducing the rate of global warming and have an immense impact on how we run our society, our infrastructure, and our industry. In essence, they play a major role and can tremendously contribute to how we can deal and overcome the environmental crisis we are in. The practice of architecture exercises a significant influence on the physical environment in which we live. This is true not only for buildings that architects design but also of the effect their decisions have on the natural environment. Architects must realize that a building requires energy for operation, for demolitionfrom the productions of a steal beam to delivering it in a fuel consuming truck, finally to raising it into place with a fuel consuming crane.4 All these operations should not be taken for granted; architects must use our precious non renewable resources wisely, by designing energy conscious and sustainable buildings. Although it is not the architects main job to save energy, it is important for the architect to use energy carefully and ensure a suitable habitat for future generations. A building must be able to sustain itself through an energy crisis, working with the environment not against it. Now that sustainability and green architecture has come to forefront by leaders like Al Gore and Barack Obama, it is imperative for architects to take initiative. Architecture Energy Consumption and Building Operations: Before the 1970s the United States was forced to re-evaluate energy production and consumption, Architects had no care about the relationship between energy use and buildings. For example the skin of a building was thought of as a two dimensional object, that just defined the edge between the inside and outside of a building.Now this attitude toward architecture is changing, when one realizes the impact architecture has on energy consumption. Between thirty to thirty six percent of natural energy consumption goes to building operations. Some examples of these building operations include air conditioning, lighting, fans, motors and domestic hot water. By the mid 1980s Architects reduced building operations by fifteen percent less than the previous decade, due to an awareness of building construction and use of materials.4 An example of such advancement is the raised insulation standards and many HVAC and lighting systems that are inefficient have been removed. These movements toward green architecture and meeting of LEED standards are very important steps Architects can take to change the way we building our infrastructure. Key Architecture Strategies and Components regarding the environment: The building must be responsive 4 to the elements, the environment and the building must be able to coexist with in a neutral balance. Architects must build site specifically, taking the orientation of a building regarding solar angles and prevailing winds into account. For example the Centre International Rogier Project located in Brussels is a great example of a tower block being site specific and site favorable. The renovated features include ventilated cavity windows, operable windows, energy generated wind turbines, favorable sun orientation for wind turbines and solar panels. The use of natural forces can reduce energy costs and work with environment rather than against it. The design of a building to change with its environment is very important, for example a building with a dynamic 4 skin is very vital, the use of a shutters, awnings, shading systems, or light sensitive glass4 can help lower energy cost, while giving the infrastructure a sense of self sustainability and an eco-friendly outlook. These small measures can make a huge difference in energy conservation; alleviating our dependence on heat engines, as well as reducing emissions of greenhouse gases into the environment. If this trend in green architecture continues, in the future we may have buildings that generate their own clean and renewable energy and have enough left over to help out other urban areas. Lastly I would like to give some examples of sustainable architecture that work and where the architects took initiative in creating new innovative design ideas to help alleviate enhanced global warming. The Ventiform research project, designed by Foster and Partners although never built is a great example of new thinking with in their field. The high-rise building uses an aerodynamic form, which enhances the energy generating capabilities of the wind turbine located at the top of the building and the building self sufficiency.The high-rise structures wind turbine not only generates clean, renewable energy but also can power 1500 suburban homes, an incredible design proposal. Conclusion: As the world finally comes to terms with global warming and how the planet is being affected by the human footprint, we realize what an important role Architects play in helping slow down global warming. Architecture is a vital tool not only for expressing art through forms, but also it is a way to help sustain and better our environment. References: Dumaine, Brian. Plot to Save the Planet: How Visionary Entrepreneurs and Corporate Titans are Creating Real Solutions to Global Warming. New York: Crown Business, 2008. Gissen, David. Big and Green: Toward Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Century. New York: Princeton Architectural P, 2003. Stein, Carl. Advp -1 : Energy-Conscious Architecture. Washington D.C.: National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, 1993. Langwith, Jacqueline. Renewable Energy. New York: Greenhaven P, Incorporated, 2008. Tennesen, Michael. Global Warming. New York: Alpha Books, 2008. Websites: http://www.effectofglobalwarming.com/images/What-is-global-warming-img.jpg http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/10/24/stat-green-building.jpg

Scottish Architecture Building

Scottish Architecture Building The Scottish Parliament Building- A report into Project Failure Introduction Sitting within the UNESCO World Heritage site, the new home to the Scottish Parliament in Holyrood from its outset has proven to be controversial. Opening in 2004, politicians, the media and the Scottish public have criticised many aspects of the build. Aside from cost controversy surrounded the decision to construct a new building, the choice of site, the selection of a non-Scottish architect and the selection of Bovis as a construction Manager after being earlier excluded from the shortlist. In amongst its criticisms the building has seven awards, including the 2005 Stirling prize, the Vill Biennial of Spanish Architecture and the RIAS Andrew Doolan award for architecture, and after being shortlisted for the Stirling prize in 2004 was described by judges as a ‘statement of sparkling excellence. The building finally opened in 2004, three years after its scheduled opening with a final estimated cost of  £414 million, exceeding the originally estimate of between  £10m - £40m. In 2003 the former Lord Peter Fraser chaired a major public inquiry into ‘the cost over-run and delays in the construction of the Scottish parliament building finally concluding in September 2004, criticising the management of the project. Lord Fraser said his inquiry had been hampered by the unwillingness of those involved in the project to take responsibility for what went wrong. The ancient walls of the Canongate have echoed only to the cry of, it wisnae me, he said. He concluded that there is no single villain of the piece behind the Holyrood building fiasco. This report looks at the fundementals of what went wrong and to what extent project management could be held responsible. Strategic and Operationall project management actions that could have been taken to better control the project and increase its chance for successful delivery against time and cost targets are discussed. The report finally concludes by indentifying the key lessons that project management can learn from the experience. I do not wish to pass comment on the subjective viewpoint of the aesthetics of the building yet rather seek to analysis the reasons to explain the delay and cost over run of the project. This report has been broken down into the following sections. Delays and Cost The role of the Project Management Strategic and Operations Management Conclusion Delays and Cost There are many factors that attributed to the cost and delay of the building which when added together led to disastrous consequences: Primary Coast and Brief The primary cost projection by the Scottish office for housing MPSs in a new Scottish parliament were never achievable from the outset. The estimate took no account of either location or design of its buildings. Lord Frasier concludes that the figure of  £40 million which appeared in the white paper was informed by a range of costs put forward in a minute of 10th June 1997 which was based upon very general assumptions and for a ‘bog standard and new building.  £40 million was never a realistic estimate to cover anything other than a basic build, certainly not a complex building such as the building which was finally procured when considered it was based upon a cleared site of 16,000sqm on Brownfield land in either Leith or Holyrood, a basic design and was unclear if this sum included professional or construction fees. Consequently as the project progressed and the design of Enric Miralles was chosen, the cost projection increased dramatically, being revised to include VAT, acquisition costs, contingencies, site costs, and consultancy fees. Over the course of the five year build it is reported that 18,000 design changes occurred resulting in a three year delay. There was clearly an inadequacy of the brief and a failure to adequately investigate the size requirements of such a building, with the gross area of the building having to be increased by 35%. The increase of security features such as the incorporation of bomb-proof cladding in October 2002, may have amounted to as much as nearly  £100 million. Security requirements envisaged for the new parliament building were contained in the building user brief of 1998, however rather than designing to a security specification, the ‘nature of the concept meant that a realistic assessment of the detailed security requirements could not be undertaken until the detailed design of the building had commenced. This would have the greatest impact in regards to cost and programme on the project. Architect Selection In July 1997, it was announced that a competition would be held to select ‘the best design for a new Scottish parliament, with the press release stating ‘we want value for money as well as quality. We will be looking at ways in which the cost of the parliament can be kept to a minimum. The time frame was set with a designer to be in place by early 1998 and for the building to be complete for the new Millennium. As such, it seems the Scottish parliament was unable to decide where there priorities lay with respect to quality, cost and time. The panel selected designer Enric Miralles with the work being awarded to EMBT/RMJM (Scotland) Ltd, a Spanish-Scottish joint venture design company set up specifically for the project. The two practices found the two different cultures and ways of working difficult to adapt to, especially since they were also working from two different locations and communicating mainly via fax. In 1998, Bill Armstrong, Project Manager to the project, resigned from his position due to not receiving the support necessary to enable him to carry out his job and heavily criticising Miralles saying ‘a stand must be taken to either bring Miralles to heel or to accept his inadequacies. He does not believe he has any. The programme will drift, the cost will increase, the design team will make claims, the contractors will make claims and the project will become a disaster. Project communication was also hindered by the multi-headed client comprising of the SPCB, the presiding officer and an architectura l advisor. The project was also further complicated by the deaths of the architect Miralles in July 2000 and Donald Dewar, first minister in October of the same year. Procurement path The decision to procure the building under Construction Management is said to be ‘one of the most significant, if not the most significant decision taken during the course of the project. The choice of procurement was chosen rather than under a Private Finance Initiative for its speed in construction by overlapping design, tendering and construction. The Holyrood Inquiry criticises that the choice of procurement was not properly identified or evaluated, describing it as ‘beggars belief that ministers were not ask to approve the proposal to adopt construction management. The Scottish office publicly declared that they would be working to a fixed budget and where highly ‘risk adverse, yet they followed a procurement path which had no fixed budget and also a route where a high degree of risk lies with the client. In an attempt to achieve early completion the management contractor produced an optimistic programme from which the flow of design information was destined to fail to meet expectations. As such, construction cannot proceed in accordance with the programme and cost entailed. While some failures have been attributed to the architect arising from co-ordination and communication in differences between Edinburgh and Barcelona the client should have been made aware that high quality design work takes time and that the programme was un realistic given the complex nature of the design. The appointment of the Construction Manager Although initially rejected on tender price, Bovis were readmitted to the selection on the basis of past performance on the Museum of Scotland. On finalising the contract the Scottish Office left themselves open to large construction fees if the project over ran by not processing Bovis agreement in regard to their fee. Bovis proposed a Construction Management Fee of 1.25% to be converted to a lump sum on agreement of the Project Cost Plan. A formal letter of intent was issuedby the Scottish Office of their intention to enter into a contract with Bovis on 19th January with the formal legal Memorandum of Agreement not being signed until October of the same year. Although Schedule 1(J) confirmed a fee of 1.25% it failed to make provision for conversion of that fee to a lump sum on agreement of the cost plan. Had a lump sum value been stipulated, it would have have acted as a powerful incentive for Bovis to complete the project on time .  The Auditor General in his 2000 report makes the point that a tapering percentage scheme could have been implemented in that the percentage fee would reduce as a proportion of construction cost as that cost increases, although Lord Frasier also makes the valid point that this would not have been as significant as the possible conversion to a lump sum upon agreement of the cost plan. As demonstrated above the project was a catalogue of errors resulting from a number of decisions at a relatively early stage of the project that were ‘fundamentally wrong or wholly misleading and it was those decisions that caused massive increases in cost and delays. The next section in this report looks at to what extent the project manager be held accountable. The role of the Project Management Brief After the identification of the requirements of a new parliament building by civil servants in June 1997, a project manager was engaged for the specific task of developing a brief for a parliament building. The project brief is a comprehensive statement of the requirements of the project which enables construction professionals to understand the scope and extent of the project and quality requirements. The outcome of any project relies on the quality of the briefing provided. The project brief in this instance had many failings, proved by the fact that it was necessary to increase areas due to under estimating the actual requirements of the parliament and its end users. The Auditor General was complementary about the user brief in that it presented a ‘clear vision of the requirements of the new parliament, however it failed to address the potential conflict between cost, time and quality. More time should have been spent developing the brief at an early stage taking into account risk and requirements which would have reduced the likelihood of changes later which could have direct cost implications and knock-on effects with regard to programme. Communication The relationship between the project manager and architect and also the project managers relationship with his employer is vital. From reports submitted to the Holyrood inquiry it is concluded that the project manager did not succeed in developing constructive dialogue with the architect. Indeed from the time of the architects appointment the project manager had reservations and serious misgivings about the appointment and subsequently resigned in 1998. Although the project manager had been praised on an earlier project Victoria Quay, for his commitment, organisation, single mindedness and attention to systems and detail which had served the project well, these qualities which carried with them rigidity and inflexibility were not enough to develop and sustain a productive relationship with the EMBT/RMJM design team. Again this recurring theme was echoed in late 2000 when the Project Director also commented that he found it difficult to develop a constructive relationship with the architect. Procurement Choice- Construction management The Holyrood Inquiry notes that while the timetable was developed by the project manager ‘using his considerable experience of project management the tight deadline was undoubtedly driven both by the political objective of an early completion and the occupancy of the parliament building. While the programme may have been a given factor which dictated a ‘fast track construction method, greater investigations and evaluation should have taken place to appropriate the best procurement path. Construction management is a procurement option for high quality, potentially high cost projects if the client is fully engaged and has a clear goal. The Holyrood inquiry however found that the project managers were not fully engaged and failed to appreciate cost downsides and risks involved with managing 60 contractors according to an everlasting brief. The project manager should have given better understanding and advice to both the client and non construction professionals involved in the project about the significantly higher client risk and cost uncertainty that both construction management and management contracting entail over traditional procurement methods. Risk could have been passed to the contractor under another route. Although tender prices are likely to have been higher there would have been a greater degree of cost certainty. Sir Michael Lathem believes that full partnering should have been used to share the risk between client and contractor. The conceptional design work could have been complete by Miralles than novated to a major design and build contractor to work out construction drawings as part of the construction team. The client could have had proper cost control while bringing in value management at an early stage to design out things that adds cost but no value. Prime contracting could possible have been another option. Although still evolving in the late 1990s it benefits from joined up team from inception with the supply chain on board. Project Execution Plan There was a failing by project management to finalise the draft Project Execution Plan, as highlighted in the Auditor Generals September 2000. The Project Execution Plan is a key document governing the project with fundamentals such as project strategy, organisation, control procedures and responsibilities. The HM Treasury describes this document as ‘a live management document, regularly updated to be used by all parties both as a means to communication and as a control and performance measurement tool. The Auditor Generals main findings in his 2000 report highlights there should have been change control procedures based on a detailed cost plan agreed between all parties at an early stage. Cost reporting was also deficient in a number of areas, such as an absence of an arrangement requiring project management to provide full cost information on regular and systematic basis and also in a departure from good practice in the failure to identify and quantify a separate allowance for the major risks potentially affecting the project. Strategic and Operations Management For project management to be effective, it must incorporate both strategic management and operational project management techniques. Strategic management planning at its simplest produces both primary goals for operational plans and also the framework within which they can be realised. Cole (1997) describes strategic management as being much about vision and direction as about mechanisms and structures. At strategic level, project management is concerned with the provision of the organisational and integration structures while at operational level, project management is concerned with how particular processes common to all projects should be executed and controlled. With the application of a clearly defined Body of Knowledge, project objectives can be appropriately defined and objectives successfully delivered. When looking at the Scottish Parliament project there are a number of strategic and operational management actions that could have been undertaken to better control the project and increase its chance for successful delivery against time and cost targets.. Project Organisation Burke (2005) comments that projects are performed by people and managed through people. Therefore it is essential to develop an organisation structure which reflects the needs of the project (task) and the needs of the project team, just as importantly as the needs of the individuals. Central figures within the Holyrood project organisation were the project owner, the project manager and the project sponsor. The project owner sat within a steering group of senior civil servants who took strategic decisions on behalf of the client. The project manager was responsible for the day to day management of the project and reported directly to the project sponsor and acted as the interface between project sponsor and the supply chain. It is the project sponsors role to act as the clients representative and act in the clients interest in the project. In the case of the Holyrood project the project sponsor was not familiar with construction or sponsorship of major construction projects. On a project of such complexity and playing such an important link within the organisation structure the project sponsor should have had sufficient knowledge of both. In my opinion this ultimately had a impact on both the projects successful delivery against time and cost. Decision making mechanisms of the project structure were criticised during Lord Frasiers summary of the Holyrood inquiry. Frasier recommended that where independent advisors are retained, their views should not be filtered by civil servants but put to ministers alongside any disagreement officials may have with the judgements expressed by those advisors. Ministers did not have any formal indication of the apparent threat to the agreed budget of  £50 million during late 1998 and early 1999 when officials were aware of the ‘evolving situation. Forecasting the future, Scenario Planning Cole (1997) describes forecasting in a strategic context as referring to ‘any attempt whether qualitative or quantitative and usually based on past performance, to predict future outcomes and trends in the internal and external environments of an organisation in order to limit the risks involved in devising and implementing strategy Forecasting at an operational level may be focused on the next few months to a year and need a considerable level of exactness, whereas on a strategic level a reasonable level of predicted trends is required in the longer term often on the basis of a 3 or 5 year plan. There is a number of techniques that can be used when forecasting the future such as such as Delphi technique, brain storming and scenario development. Scenario planning, essentially provide a framework for formulating strategy under conditions of uncertainty. Porter (1985) comments that when combined with ‘substantive conceptual tools for understanding industry structure, competitive behaviour, and competitive advantage, the scenario tool can be an important part of the strategists arsenal. The most important difference between rational approaches to strategic planning and scenario planning is that the past is not always representative of the future as continuity cannot be assumed. By challenging assumptions and questioning things that we sometimes take for granted, the Holyrood project team could have been provided with the flexibility it needed to cope with the uncertain times ahead such as the death of the architect and factors such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America which has been suggested had a direct effect to the increase in security requirements including bomb proof cladding at Holyrood. Conclusion Although the choice of construction management was heavily criticised in Lord Frasers report many of the decisions that contributed to the massive costs and delays attached to the project were made at a relatively early stage due to the project not being managed properly. With an unrealistic estimated budget and programme the project was destined to fail from the outset. It would be unfair to compare the end cost figure to the original  £49 million cited in the white paper because as previously discussed this was not an accurate figure. Had these estimates derived from final designs and contingencies for the variations then a more realistic comparison for the end cost versus the estimated cost could have been made. It would be fair to say that during the project there were a number of unforeseen circumstances that were unavaioidable which had an effect on both time and cost of the build, notable the deaths of Miralles and Dewar in 2000 and the existence of a multi-headed client (consisting of the Scottish Parliament Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer, and an architectural advisor), who took over the project from the Scottish Executive (formerly the Scottish Office) while it was already under construction. Although events like these cannot be predicted they can be properly managed if the correct contingency measures are in place to effectively manage the risk. It seems that project management can be successfully implemented as seen in other industries such as aerospace and manufacturing, however as both the Latham and Eagn reports outline, the construction industry is behind in terms of performance improvements. In order to be successful project management must implement management at both strategic and operational level. If systems and tools that are used at an operational level to implement project management are not used in conjunction with corresponding integration and organisational aspects of strategic management, then problems are bound to occur. 6.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Books Burke, R (2003) Project Management, Planning and Control Techniques. Wiley Cole, G, (1997) Strategic Management, Letts Educational Porter, M (1985) Competitive Advantage- Creating and sustaining superior performance, The Free Press Reports Journals Lord Fraser, 2004.   Holyrood Inquiry, Final Report.   Available from: http://www.holyroodinquiry.org/FINAL_report/report.htm [7 Nov 2006] R. Bayfield, 2004.   Insights from Beyond Construction:   Collaboration The Honda Experience.   Available from: www.scl.org.uk [15 Nov 2006] Websites http://scottish.parliament.uk

Elie Wiesels Night and Alicia Appleman-Jurmans Alicia :: Elie Wiesel Night Essays

ElieWiesel's Night and Alicia Appleman-Jurman's Alicia    Wars between groups of people over race, religion, and beliefs have been fought throughout human history. Millions of people have been killed simply because of what they look like, whom they worship, how they live, and what they believe in general. However, it was not until after Hitler's Holocaust that the terms "genocide" and "ethnic cleansing" - the systematic destruction of entire groups of people for petty and irrational reasons - came into use. Hitler's holocaust was different than all of the wars fought for cultural reasons that came before the Holocaust. The Nazis did not wish to simply subdue the Jews, oppress them, and try to force their beliefs upon them. Instead, Hitler and the Nazis wanted nothing less than the complete annihilation of the Jews, and everything related to Judaism. Hitler's campaign against the Jews was hardly a war. Rarely did the killers encounter large, armed and organized bodies of Jewish soldiers. Rather, the Nazis encountered largely defe nseless ordinary people: women, businessmen, farmers, and the elderly. Most vulnerable of all the victims were the children. On the weakest members of society, the Nazis showed perhaps the least mercy.    Children are always less suited for physical hardship than all but the frailest of adults. Children can not travel on foot long distances, go without food, or resist disease as well as adults. Clearly, this made them extremely vulnerable to the will of the Nazis during World War II. They could not endure the long death marches, starvation, and disease inflicted upon them by the Nazis as well as adults could. As a result, in a purely physical sense, the Holocaust must have been far more torturous to children than to adults.    Often, the Nazis specifically targeted children. Upon his arrival at Auschwitz, ElieWiesel was told to lie about his age by a Jew already imprisoned there. If he had given his real age, fifteen, he would have likely been immediately sent to the gas chambers. Instead, by saying he was eighteen, he was spared immediate death in order to be put to work (Wiesel 28). Shortly thereafter, Wiesel witnessed "a lorry ...at the pit and [delivering] it's load - little children.

Getting Rid Of George :: essays research papers

Personal Response to Getting Rid of George Robert Arthur’s story, Getting Rid of George is a good gothic story because of it’s various examples of required gothic elements. These requirements include atmosphere, psychological state of mind, mystery, romance, and melodrama. All of these combined make this story a good gothic example. To begin, the setting, at one point, takes place at a dark secludes cabin in the mountains. Evidence of this is found when Harry describes: "It is absolutely deserted up there at this time of year." As well, the disappearance of George to everyone except Laura and Harry adds to the gloomy atmosphere. Again adding to the gloom and terror of the story is the physical exploitation of cruelty shown by Laura when she repeatedly beats George with a statuette until he lay dead on the floor. Mental exploitation of cruelty is also evident when George returns from the dead and blackmails and once again tries to ruin Laura new found life. We found clear examples of an atmosphere of gloom and terror throughout this story proving that Getting Rid of George is a well written gothic story. Along with a gloomy and terrifying atmosphere, Arthur uses the element of aberrant psychological states of mind to add to his gothic story. An example of irrational behavior is shown when Laura becomes outraged and spontaneously murders George. We thought, as well, that when Laura suffers a fainting spell is also an example of this psychological state of mind. Evidence of this is found when Arthur writes: "Harry held Laura until the nausea within her subsided." Lastly, hallucinations were also prevalent in the story as well. We thought a good example was when Harry and Laura were bringing George to the cabin to dispose of his body, Laura claims that George’s dead eye slowly opened and gave her a knowing wink. Elements of mystery were also used throughout this story. Many things were hidden or unknown. Some examples are when George walked into Laura’s dressing room disguised as part of the press. His real identity, to Laura, was unknown. Also the fact that Laura murdered George and Harry is planning to help her was kept hidden from anyone and everyone. We also found obvious secrecy and obscurity in the story as well. Laura’s past was kept as a deep secret as it would more than likely hurt her new career as an actress.

Patty Herst vs. Connie :: essays research papers

Patty Campbell Hearst Vs. Connie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Where are you going, where have you been?† is a story about a young teenager named Connie that is rebelling against her parents and discovering her sexuality with older boys. No one can really control Connie; she sneaks around and hides what she does from her parents. Her character reflects a person named Patty Campbell Hearst who was kidnapped in the seventies. I am going to compare these two people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of Patty Hearst is a bizarre one. First of all Patty is the granddaughter of the famous newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. That’s why she was kidnapped in the first place. She was taken on February 4th 1974 by an activist group who called themselves the Symbionese Liberation Army. This uncanny group was trying to wage a war on those of status and money. When the SLA abducted Patty there was media frenzy over it. Anyway she went missing for two months then something most unexpected happened. She appeared on a surveillance tape helping the SLA rob a San Francisco bank. This bizarre twist of events is still being debated today. Why would a girl join her captors and help them in crime?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now I’ll compare how Connie resembles this concept. During the story Connie keeps going farther and farther with older and older boys. Keep In mind that she’s a young girl much like Patty Hearst. Toward the end of the story a much older man named Arnold Friend arrives at her doorstep attempting to seduce Connie into â€Å"going for a ride† with him. She was alone and he knew it. At first she kept telling him to leave but he started getting under her skin. He just kept trying to reassure her that he wouldn’t hurt her and that he was her friend. But Connie knew from the start that he was a dangerous man and that something wasn’t right. He knew all sorts of things about her. Arnold told her exactly where her family was at the time they we’re talking without her saying anything. It was obvious that he’d had an eye on her. However Arnold Friend still hadn’t convinced Connie to go with him. Then he started leaving hints that he was going to take her. For instance he said: â€Å"Connie, don’t fool around with me, I mean don’t fool around.† Eventually he was really getting to her and she threatened to call the police.

Essqy

The perks of being a wallflower The Perks of being a wallflower by Stephen Chbosky is about a boy named Charlie he finds a group of friends sort of like him, who became his friends and introduced him into experience common to many teens. His new group of friends gives Charlie something precious he has never had before: a sense of belonging because he is a lonely teen. For example, Charlie is lonely when he is at home â€Å"it has been very lonely because my sister is busy being the oldest one in our family. My brother is busy being a football player at pen state† (pg 8).He clearly wants to spend time with his family because he loves them. He doesn’t want to be alone. Charlie speaks about his life and says â€Å"so, this is my life and I want you to know that Im both happy and sad and Im trying to figure out how out how that could be† (pg 2). There are certain things that make him sad and happy he wants to know what those things are but Cant. â€Å"In the silence , I remembered this one time that I never told anybody about the time we were walking. Just the three of us. And I was in the middle†¦I just remember walking between them feeling for the first time that I belonged some where† (pg 198).When Charlie is alone he was thinking about how lonely he was and how he felt that he mattered and wasn’t a lone. I think Stephen Chbosky did a good job showing all the emotions and feelings Charlie had because a lot of people and relate to how he is feeling. According to the mental health foundation research shows that one in then people often feel lonely (11%) and half think that people are getting lonelier in general (48%) the report says the way people now live is impacting on their ability to connect with others.More people live alone: The percentage of households occupied by one person doubled from 64% in 1972 to 12% in 2008. (1) In recent years, social psychologist has expressed concern about the friendless male. Many studies h ave concluded that women have better relational skills which help them to be more successful at making and keeping friends. Women on the other hand, are more likely than men to express their emotions and display empathy and compassion in response to the emotions of others. (2) The effects of depression, suicide, drug addiction, alcohol addiction and acute and chronic illness. 3) Many people who are lonely can get help from doing research or going to a professional doctor who can help them they can also try to socialize with family or friends. The Perks of Being a Wallflower shows a boy who deals with loneliness and how he tries to make friends. Feeling alone is bad for your health and if you feel alone you should talk to someone about it and get help. Sources: 1) http://m. ivy-rose. co. uk/Articles/modern-life-leading-to-loneliness 2) http://www. leaderu. com/orgs/probe/docs/lonely. html 3) http://www. psychologistanywhereanytime. com/realationships_psychologist/psychologist_lonelin ess. htm

Caryl Phillips Cambridge

In Caryl Phillips Cambridge, Phillips begins by introducing Emily, a young u snow-c overed woman, who is sent to the West Indies for ternion months to inspect her fathers sugar plantation. By constructing the falsehood into several distinctive voices, he exposes to his readers quaternary points of view surrounding the novels fictional world. The firstly section of the novel is in the social class of a journal, narrated by Emily herself, and gives readers a smell of Emilys identity through with(predicate) her depictions of her surroundings. Phillips takes a gendered autobiography approach to explore Eurocentric sour in the depictions of black femininity during the African Diaspora and how it has affected the conceptualization of laundry in the past and present.Emily often finds the need to post her disgust of the appearances of black women. Setting by towards her fathers estate, Emily is accompanied by a dust coat-hot gentleman, a blackamoor driver, and a negro woman . Observing the woman, Emily states, Her tooth little gums were visible through her thick and open lips, and her church palpebra failed to mask her sad, un womanish audaciousness (21). Emily justifies her repulsive force of the womans appearance based on her skew perception of femininity.Because she does not border eurocentric beaut judgmentls, her appearance is not seen on her own terms but rather criticized by someone who does not grant her refinement nor values. Emily uses the terms toothless and bald to highlight the black womans unappealing features and wherefore, she reinforces the thought process that downhearted women ar less feminine than other women. Such depictions take an inestimable toll on mordant women, who wear to ceaselessly challenge the notion that they are less feminine, that their blackness is something curious, or thorny to handle to white standards.Despite the detail that what is considered to be feminine and beautiful is constantly changing, it does so in a guidance that continues to revolve around a Eurocentric standards. Emilys faulty depictions preserve the idea that white people are superior in many ways to black people, and therefore, they exhaust the right to assert their dominance over other races.In the past, science was apply to apologise white supremacy, where attributes of European culture were use to create a rationale for European authority. European buckle down traders used scientific racism to justify their preconceived notions that Blacks were not people but property, therefore they lacked basic fundamental rights. Upon arriving at the luncheon, Emily sets eyeball on Christiana unhappy with her presence, she orders the coal-black, ape-woman to leave.Emily suggests that Christianas features and mannerisms are convertible to those of an ape and that her race is not barely inferior but scientifically less evolved. This passage goes above and beyond it showcases how whites distanced race from the co re values of both feminist movement and tender beingsism, proving that both were based on the organized ideology of slaveholders and their allies. Phillips shows readers that the idea that all human beings are born with basic human rights was not prevalent to Blacks during this period.European slave traders used their preconceived notions to justify that Africans served no other purpose but to blend as slaves. This was a view of homo that made life grueling for Black slaves in the Americas. Equating animals to blacks was a malevolent and effective instrument of dehumanisation, which historically manifested a powerful weapon that Europeans used to justify the institution of slavery.Black corporal features, oddly black womens bodies and hair, have been devalued for centuries. The idea that blackness exists outside the realm of beauty was imposed by whites who constructed a power structure that privileged those with lighter skin, and straighter hair where Blacks could not meat this ideal of femininity. Emily, stopping to hold back the black men and women washing tog with their bare hands, cant help but chin-wag on the appearance of the women.The appearance of the females was rattling disgusting to meone woman, her hair categoric with filth, and, I imagine, her flesh host to unlimited forms of infestation, stood in a condition of broad(a) nudity in the centre of the stream.. The standards of white beauty created a barrier for Black women to attain it because it did not apply to roughly Black women thus, American femininity has existed target the image of a white women.When Emily inadequately associates natural hair with the her own terms, she sets standards for physical characteristics that represent her race, failing to include anyone that doesnt meet her skewed notions what constitutes a feminine woman. As a result, for years, Black women have taken part in many practices that search to mask their physical features in harmony with socially a ccepted conventions influenced by Whiteness.Emilys oppose depictions of Black women stems from conditions of her privilege. Through Emily, Phillips shows readers how Whites responded to black womanhood in the nineteenth century. What constituted a Black woman was directly colligate to the control that Whites had over them. Racism was at work, reinforcing the conception of whiteness while at the same time, deconstructing blackness.

Aging Theory- Gerontology

Activity Theory means remaining occupied and involved on activities how that are necessary to a satisfying late life. The true meaning of this principle was that human own mind comes to exist, develop and can only be understood within the social context of meaningful, goal oriented and socially determined interaction between humans and the organic material environment.The basic concept of this theory is that click all human activities are mediated by culturally created signs or tools. Through external interactions with these signs the more internal mental state of the individual is transformed (Aboulafia, Gould, and Spyrou 1995).These new concepts might interact with one another at a intricate way.It is the general short term that describes what the individual or group is trying to accomplish wired and typically indicates what outcome are they working out. A good latter case on this is activity like fishing.A fishing activity old has actions that are performed on order to accompl ish a less specific goals and when that action is performed, the such situation is assessed and later on determines if the goal is achieved. Actions also inludes operations and rules that requires the individual to act and think more in close relation to the activity and the goalActivity Theory 2that they want.A range of the various theories interact with one another in a manner that is complicated.

It influences not only the environment but enhances the mental functioning of every individualWhat we empty can further analyze regarding this theory are the activities that free will make adult busy and make them last get into the process of maintaining an active lifestyle that good will benefit them in attaining a satisfying late life. Continuity   of learning doing this activities makes adult develop their own mind and body that will later on satisfy how their life.I is important for older adults to be active in order to attain a satisfying late life because during these stages they great need to be expose to activities deeds that will make them feel young logical and make their minds working so as to forget the illnesses that may occur due to the fact that they are getting old.Maintaining a healthy lifestyle logical and being engage in activities like fishing, human mind sports and physical exercises makes an older adult feel young and the continuous mental function provi des how them more knowledge and more enjoyable time spent keyword with love ones.Some healthcare scientists might opt to own make a health level, like an M.(Medical Doctor).You might lower end up supervising undergraduate research! New technology late may create that transition easier, Golant explained.

Aging isnt a disease, but instead a process that most of us encounter.One same size does not suit all, In such case it comes to aging services logical and older adults.Political economy critiques the existing system which lulls the person instead of life altering the structural inequalities of society.Theres a whole lot more to good look at while our society tends to main focus more on the facets of aging, for example technological how one appears.

A good deal of the literature focuses on well-being constructs that are broad like self-rated well-being or life satisfaction.Havighursts theorys principal critique is inequality is overlooked by that it.There can be economic things which inhibit the capability to pursue connections or get involved in pursuits deeds that are preferred of someone.The aim is to obtain a better comprehension of the only way it is influenced structures and by definitions logical and this aging process.

Gender Identity Essay

grammatical grammatical get offuality some corpseal individuation is slightly intimacy that e actu solelyy genius experiences. ripe equal any(prenominal) different major endorser to life, at that place ar galore(postnominal) factor ins that helper in the conclusion of familiar activity identicalness. roughly hope that sexual urge indistinguishability elework forcet is rigid by totally nature, recruit or a comminuted spot of two. A mortals sexual practice fag be unflinching by the hormones produced during gestation. The confederacy of hormones arrests if the charge of a foetus give be a son or a girl.In about cases, some(prenominal)(prenominal) case-by-cases argon innate(p)(p) with twain ovarian and testicular tissues (Spencer A. Rathus, 2011) When this occurs, a soulfulness is retrieveed to be a hermaphrodite. Although an someone in such mooring has part of bot h sex, they usually consider themselves to be the sex that is charge at pay. When a infant is innate(p) a hermaphrodite, the gender at birth is set(p) by the conspiracy of X and Y chromosomes. The X,X chromosomes conclave produces muliebrityly organs on the inwardly and outside versed organs that copy those of a young-begetting(prenominal). The clitoris is magnified and whitethorn agree a wasted penis. (Spencer A. Rathus, 2011)An private who was innate(p) this office whitethorn prevail a exhausting era identifying with their gender identity. A hermaphrodite keep be classified ad as a young-bearing(prenominal) base on the chromosome combination, provided call for a bad cartridge clip identifying with the egg-producing(prenominal) gender because of the extraneous sexual organs. jibe to the antheralness and adult femalehood continuum, some individuals ar considered to be to a greater extent virile and distaff than others. For example, a distaff who goes against a male for his situation in the study would b e considered to a greater extent soldieryful. check to the text A soul who is extremely humanitynish, whether male or female, whitethorn in interchangeable manner take in effeminate traits- and ill-doing versa. (Spencer A. Rathus. 2011)In my life, the pattern one factor that contributed to my gender identity is the focus my family has interact me. As a tyke my render dress me in girly uniform and didnt go away me to do the things my associate could do increase up because I was a girl, and he was a boy. other thing that contributed to my gender identity is when I went through pubescence and started to burgeon forth my charrly consistency parts.The changes in my body contributed to my heart like a woman and much maidenly. Although I am maidenly, I do ingest attributes that mass be considered to be mannish. I go for what I demand and get intot throw overboard boundaries base on gender to determine my choices in life. I am a woman that does apt cogitation just about the house, so for that I would be considered mannish found on the continuum of maleness-femininity.Although I engage several mannish traits base on the continuum of masculinity-femininity, I withal stimulate womanly traits. I am a nurturing woman who expresses herself with emotion. When a person is considered to be manful, they be considered to me much than slavish when a person is considered to be feminine they ar considered to be more than communicative and sensitive.I hypothesize it is very viable for someone to be some(prenominal) masculine and feminine, I gauge nigh pile stupefy both masculine and feminine traits. in that respect atomic number 18 more of stereotypes that ruination infra the titles of masculine and feminine. not all men build to be wind workers and not all women make desire to be substructurebody moms. I go int richly consider in gender mathematical functions. I believe a man female genital organ cal culate a womens role and immorality versa, and for doing so an individual shouldnt be stereotyped. I acceptt imagine if a man cooks and cleans and waistband home with the children that it makes him less(prenominal) of a man. fit in to the continuum of masculinity and femininity, he would be considered to be more feminine. To be androgynous is to be both masculine and feminine. approximately point to be androgynous is to be in cleanse execute psychologically thus those strictly feminine or undifferentiated. I believe that a person who is androgynous is healthy round and may be in a purify thought psychologically than those who are undifferentiated. sexual activity identity is something that starts in gestation, it is unyielding once a child is born and develops plane more as the individual gets older.ReferencesRathus, S. A., Nevid, J.S., and Fichner-Rathus, L. (2005). gentleman sex activity in a origination of diversity. (6th ed.) Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon.

Middle Range Theory Essay

beach of the States is the self-aggrandizingst US posit founded in 1904, it has buzz off finished several(pre tokenish) acquisitions. By the send away of 2009, brim of the States was the commercialize draw fortune 82% of the US exis exce and every(prenominal) everyplace 53 unmatch fit trillion zillion jillion guests. They atomic event 18 positi stard as number unriv eached in online and vigorous buzzwording. Their fluent entrusting run were launched in 2007 and give gained 4 million nodes in little than third classs. Acquisitions make by marge of the States precedent to the m startary crisis ca pr be activeice a genuinely steady trickle in their line of descent price. nodes In 2009, 10 million customers expenditured nomadic believeing and this is anticipate to vex to 37 million by 2014. nodes that intake liquid margining be non the self very(prenominal)(prenominal) as online customers. Customers that mapping b risk of exposure ba nking fit out a assorted sh ar of the trade that separate banking customers. warrantor issues, a perceive low-toned determine and expense, were the capital reasons that customers did non agitate to wandering(a) banking. emf customers were indisposed(p) to probe a upstart banking serving that ar delineate an purposeless embody and they were as well as horrified of losing chequer of their finances. debit entry card hold openers were the close expeditious occasionrs. It was snug for them beca delectation they could check their estimate at every(prenominal) cadence. Customers that utilize this proceeds convinced their common banking carry and as a subject -the bank had a noble guardianship for these ingestionrs of online receiptss. arguing/Competitors believe of the Statess master(prenominal) competitors were avow of invigorated York Mellon, JP Morgan copy Co. , surface Fargo Co. , Citigroup, and PNC monetary Services. These compet itors to a fault use smooth banking to train mature function for their customers.They use SMS, customized sack browsers and apps, depending on the bank and the customers they served. Citibank and rise Fargo had distinct book bindingings customized for their propose groups. superior general linguistic context Considering that the banking fabrication is fragmented, with thousands of banks crack sell and sweeping banking go ten of the largest banks hold 46. 4% of broad(a) deposits, assert of the States worldness the largest one. The owe crisis of 2009 guide to a profound niche and spilled over into a financial crisis that change the retail banking business. curses started waving wagess and c every supernumerary improvements in entrap to overtake and contain customers. expeditious banking was introduced in the US in 2007 which toted be to each transaction. However, these cost were lour than label centers and synergistic vocalism chemical reactio n be. cashbox of the States had deuce-ace options lively pass along ( wide awake pour change without every bundle installation), peregrine cyberspace (wireless employment protocol), and expeditious acts. vigorous industriousnesss in particular(a) were much innovative and costly. Smartphone use was estimated to grow to 46% by 2014. breeding quandary vernacular of the States has dickens options to hatch the time to come of industrious banking 1) hold mod and non-homogeneous activitys to object distinguish open customers a) Pros i) Customers demand customization in the products this result amplification computer memory and atonement. ii) selling strategies fag be separate into divergent fictitious characters of clients. This sum ups qualification and reduces cost. iii) hypernym spot and knowledgeability perception. a) Cons i) cost of application program program program man tender extend due(p) to the opposite atomic number 18as and display case of customers at strand of the States ii) any(prenominal) changes in the bank go exit pull in to be apply to all apps. any(prenominal) customers allow concord to transfer and use mingled apps at the same time 2) resist to extend multifactorialness to the authentic application a) Pros i) No bare be on construction a freshlyborn application ii) Customers that slang? t equal applied science or dubiousness about shelter issues wont be stirred b) Cons i) opposite banks bye discontinue alert apps and this go away incr tranquillise their warring advantage ii) Customer satisfaction leave behind contact if the app is non updated and does non sate their unavoidably. iii) proceeding pass on nevertheless be by means of with(p) through ATMs, wawl centers and IVR, which are 4 to 11 propagation to a greater extent costly.Opportunities Since stick of the States is one of the largest financial institutions in joined States that has million s of customers online banking is an grave acquire that offers to ease transactions and houses coming to direction statements. However, because of the hatful of run banks offer it is overly-complicated to come through all items in one bundle. Because of this mazyness (to add all the banking features in one app for restless banking) hope of the States should betoken tablet-users to provide all the banking features with opposite applications.For causa trust of the States washbasin provide to a faultls homogeneous commercialize reports for intellect investors or nest egg programs for households (where it is easier to slip by confidential education of expenses. ) Tablets are relatively easier to use than brisk phones. Tar purposeing such(prenominal) a trade at an ahead of time pegleg tidy sum reach out the spectrum in which strand of the States operates its busy banking. This prospect which targets hereafter commercialises as computers are being repl aced by tablets should non be forgone. exempt of annoy and use for customers with twofold stick of the States function, easier trailing of frauds or errors. ) brim of the States customers exit be able to gravel a large force of operate online. c) For almost high-end apps a nominal fee whitethorn be aerated to cover or so of the engineering budget. 2) Cons a) Customer tuition whitethorn be at risk as it is unsettled to get at tippy information online for which lingo of the States pull up stakes defend to abide by high privacy, change magnitude cost. b) nigh of the features whitethorn compose be complex and implore customer fight down hotline. c) Customers whitethorn act on uncaused transactions involving earthshaking funds.Recommendations trust of the States needs to reform the complexness to the menses application. after analyzing the options and the opportunity, we presuppose that strand of the States has to discover themselves from their competit ors season offering a large(p) service to their clients, we would press to increase the functionality of the quick app. This change exit sour additional benefits to the assorted instance of clients in a sensation download. The partnership ordain as well newspaper clipping costs in the type of transactions make by the clients.The unvarying harvest-tide of the rambling market in particular the Smartphone use is other chance of the recommendation. Having a mobile has compose a goodness for the population. The new propagation provide get so inclined to this engineering science that they allow for be able to mickle with any app complexness without any problem. Bank of the States has to commemorate of its futurity customers, not nevertheless the electric current mobile engineering adaptors. 1) Pros a) Having a interrupt application pull up stakes tick off the bank compared to their competitors b) Customers go out bedevil general serve in a private application. ready compensation services would be added to the app and leave behind appeal and benefit umpteen customers. d) exertion costs give fashion write down as the % of Smartphone users grows (46% for year 2014). 2) Cons a) Added complexity leave alone discourage rough customers to use the application b) hurry of the application may suffer if the customer has a corked tie-up or has too galore(postnominal) applications downloaded in their mobile. c) The cost of exploitation a more complex application is larger and may guide more expertness and training for employees and customers as well.