Analysis of Rights and Duties in Nepal

Womens Property Rights Movement in Nepal by Binda Pandey Nepal is still running be low strong feudalistic affable values and norms. There were no f whole provisions regarding Nepali women and property skillfuls until 1975. Following the UN Declaration of 1975, which was International Womens Year, the Nepalese government began to celeb regulate International Womens Day on the eighth of March. That aforesaid(prenominal) division, the genteel Code was fixed and a clause on womens herit period and property rights included.The clause states that if a wo domain runs unmarried up to 35 big time of age, she would harbour a right to acquire property. However, the amendment limits itself as it continues if she gets conjugal union aft(prenominal) having property that should be returned back to the br in the altogether(prenominal)s by deducting the marriage cost. With the restoration of multiparty democracy in 1990, the new constitution guaranteed that no single should be disc riminated against on the basis of sex. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal) than, in 1991, the government ratified the UN form on the Elimination of wholly forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW-1979).The nations Womens Movement take uped that all in touch onities in Nepali uprightness be eliminated and focused attention on the match right of women to inherit property. two semipolitical parties absorb included this direct in their respective(prenominal) election manifestos. The opposition party in parliament, the communistic Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist, has raised this geld repeatedly only if the government has neither considered it seriously, nor taken both initiation to amend discriminatory laws. In 1993, a case was finally filed in the Supreme Court with a demand to amend the Civil Code to give women equal rights over property.After devil geezerhood, in 1995, the Supreme Court issued a directive to the government to store a airman in parl iament that would guarantee a womans rights to inherit property. Following the Supreme Court directive, the Ministry of Women and Social Welf atomic human body 18 drafted a schnoz, popularly known as the Womens Property Rights Bill in order to amend the make uping Civil Code. It was tabled for discussion in the 11th session of Parliament. It took wellhead-nigh six eld more to be passed through and through parliament, despite a number of early(a) Bills being acquireed in this time parliament.During this catamenia, various political parties and parliamentary committees possess do a number of convinces to the veritable Bill. On July 17, 2001, a parliamentary committee unanimously decl ard that women should have equal rights to inherit property. However, the ruling Nepali Congress party expressed somewhat disagreement and proposed that familial property should be returned back to respective br a nonher(prenominal)/s if she gets marriage. The ruling party passed the Bill with a study(ip)ity vote in the Lower House of Parliament in October 2001. moreover, the Upper House National Assembly, which is dominated by the opposition party, failed the Bill and it was sent back to the Lower House for reconsideration. In due process, the Bill came back to the Lower House. Here, the ruling party was pressing for the Bill to be adopted while the main opposition party, supported by close to all women organizations, was pressing hard to guarantee inherited property rights for women alike to that of their brother/s. In this situation, at that place was a take chances that the Bill would non be passed again and it might take several more years to go through a nonher round of discussion.At this point, the opposition party made the tricky decision to vote for a Bill with its reservation on the provision, which do not recognize the equal right of discussions or daughters to inherited property after(prenominal)wards marriage. Major Achievements through 11th A mendment in Civil Code-2020 (1963) After all these turning points, the bill was finally passed in parliament on March 14, 2002. It was sent to the King for his seal of approval and came into proceeds from September 27, 2002. The major contactments of this amendment ar as follows Womens Right to PropertyToday, women in Nepal female genitals enjoy their right to inherit property from birthing. But when they marry any property go away be returned to the p arnts family. The new law establishes a wifes equal right to her husbands property immediately after marriage, rather than after she r all(prenominal)es 35 years of age or has been married for 15 years as before. A widows right to claim her sh atomic number 18 of property from the joint family after the death of her husband, and to use this property actualize up if she gets re-married, is now as well constituted in law. Womens Right to DivorceThe Bill gives women the right to seek divorce from her husband if he harasses h er physically or psychologically if he establishes sexual relationships with other women if he is incapable of producing children or if he is affected by and std, including human immunodeficiency virus/aids. Previously, the law allowed a wife to claim only food block from her husband for the five years following their divorce. Today, a woman fireful also claim property. Increase Penalty for Polygamy Polygamy is still rampant in Nepal, though it was decl bed il sub judice in 1975.Previously, those who violate the law in this regard face a punishment of 1 to 3 months in prison or a fine of 1000 to 2000 Rupees, or both. The new amendment enlarges these punishments, a man behind now face 1 to 3 years in prison or a fine of 5000 25,000 Rupees, or both. Womens Right to Abortion Previously, abortion was il levelheaded unless a doctor discuss that a mothers life was endangered unless a foetus was aborted. Charged with this crime, more than five dozen women atomic number 18 impris iodind across Nepal. The new law legalizes abortion with some conditions.In normal cases a woman can determine her own decision to go through with an abortion, though only indoors the inaugural 12 weeks of pregnancy. However, if the childs delivery endangers the mothers life, or if a women becomes pregnant through rape or incestuous sexual relations then abortions can take place within 18 weeks of pregnancy. Nepal is the first South Asian country to legalize abortion in this way. Stern Action against persons taskatical in Rape Rape is one of the major issues that has been raised by the womens movement in Nepal.In this regard, the amendments to the civil code line the law stronger and increase the punishment for rapists. According to the new provisions, a rapist can be imprisoned for 10-15 years, if their victim is below 10 years of age 7-10 years of imprisonment, if their victim is between 10 and 16 years of age and 5 7 years of imprisonment, if the victims age is to a hig her place 16 years. In separately category, an additional five years of prison can be addicted if the victim is a pregnant or disabled woman. Lacunas still remain It is a big progress toment that women have been granted more legal rights with this amendment. But, there remain issues to be addressed.One major issue is to establish equal rights of property inheritance regardless of a womens marital billet. The struggle to achieve rights based on gender is ongoing. If gender equality has not been achieved even when important goals be met then the struggle should continue. Challenges ahead There is a bigger challenge ahead of the womens movement. Until and unless women and men in wider society atomic number 18 aw atomic number 18 of these new legal instruments, they cannot bring any remarkable change to the real lives of Nepalese women. In this regard, it is the affair and responsibility of the womens movement to make women and men aware of their legal rights.At the same time, mixer and bureaucratic structures including those in civil society and government must institutionalize these changes. Only in this way will feudal and handed-down attitudes towards womens rights change. To ensure the impact of these legal rights, authority should be delegated in a practical way and the implementing instrument should be correctly managed. The womens movement can lead the campaign to make people aware and to check that the law is implemented properly. We can turf out that legal instruments are important tools and play a crucial role in creating gender equality in society. Updated version of the published oblige in Workers raw(a)s 32, March 2002) Womens Movement Scenario in Nepal Nepal is one of the to the lowest degree developed countries in the world. Our socio-stinting life and hence the national life is by and large dependent on agriculture. 42 partage of the national income is being contributed by agriculture and al to the highest degree 81 percentage o f the population is employed in this sector. However, agriculture itself is in a very miserable condition. It has become outdoor(a) of life to majority of the population, but its fruitfulness is decreasing any year.In the Nepalese condition, the women struggle started against British imperialism. Patriotic struggle against British imperialism dates back to the contest of 1814 at Nalapani. Women marched shoulder to shoulder with men in the civil right movement of 1948. Women took officious part in the democratic revolution of 1951 which overthrew the 104 year autarchy of the genus Rana family. Its goal was to overthrow the 104 years of Rana autocracy from Nepal. The first women organization the Nepal Women friendship was established in 1948, it worked to inculcate political awareness among women.After the fall of the Rana regime and dawn of democracy in 1951, political parties became active. Womens organization began to be affiliated with various political parties. During the xxx year rule (1960-1990) of the party-less Panchayat system, all political parties and independent women 5 organizations were banned. However, the left democratic forces continued their struggle against the suppressive political system. The communist organise peasants and workers to fight against the exploitative regime. Women came out in large number during the struggle for democracy.The All Nepal Women Association (ANWA) functioning downstairs the party, was very active in organizing revolutionary women. It is during this period of struggle that ANWA established itself as a revolutionary wing of the party. many another(prenominal) members of ANWA were tortured by the rulers. The persistence in the struggle attracted women to join the movement. The movement was success ripey expanded throughout the country. alike there were some sectoral women movements in existence against the feudal exploitation of landlord and Rana regime. But they were limited in coverage and could not tak e bigger shape to include women from all over the nation.In order to infrastand the shape of the movement, it is necessary to mention how the womens political and organized form of movement was attached with the political parties. The first to a lower placeground mass meeting of All Nepal Women Association was held in 1980. The gathering discussed and analyzed situation of the country, set goals and strategies of women struggle to achieve the womens rights and liberation. It formulated the long term and short term national indemnity and programme for the women struggle. The period of eighties is the most active and important period for Nepalese women movement.The oppression from the then rulers was intolerable. Many women activists were jailed and tortured, more than 70 women activists were full-time underground and semi-underground activists. They developed thousands of activists who were over-ground, and they continued their underground activities. It played a crucial role in creating political awareness and played satisfying role in organizing women of different class, profession and strata. During its underground political training, the All Nepal Women Association equipped its cadre with true ideals in the struggles for political rights, social justice and economic equality.It also made best use of the 8th March International Womens Day (started since 1972, 8th march), and national festival such(prenominal) as Tij (exclusive women festival) and Tihar (festival of light) celebrated each year for five days culminating the worshipping of brothers by sisters on the last day. On this day women folk gather at their parental houses, hence an opportunity to make best use of gathering. ANWA organized its first National Conference in 1989 in underground way, blink of an eye National Conference in 1992 and the third National Conference in 1995 with the theme Social Security and Employment, Equal Rights in all Sectors.All members of ANWA and other women organi zations cultivated a dream-a dream of new progressive and democratic Nepal where women troth in all walks of national life is ensured. In spite of all these struggles, sacrifices and enthusiasm, women have been marginalized in politics as in any other sectors. The paternalistic structures of the family, society and the male-dominated political organizations gave little space to women. There exist a big gap between saying and doing, preaching and practicing some womens elaboration and leadership in Nepal.Constitutionally, 5 percent seats of the summarise candidacy in the parliamentary election are re dishd for women, in each political party. Recently the government has decided to provide 15 percent reservation in each VDC and Municipality. Altogether there are 4000 VDCs and 58 Municipalities and in each VDC there are 9 Wards (Unit). separately ward of the VDC will have 5 members including chairperson elected. Among quaternity members one seat is reserved for women. There is a p rovision of Advisory direction in VDC and municipality and participation of women is provisioned.Thus, at the local level altogether more than 120,000 women will be mobilized representing all parties. It is a welcome step send to include women in politics at the local levels. The position of women in civil attend is also very bleak. While the 1990 High aim Administration Reform Commission gave suggestions to improve the situation, only 5 percent of the civil servants at officer level were women in 1992. National and worldwide efforts have been made to bring multilateral and bilateral agencies for aid and service for womens cause.In spite of all these efforts, gender gap is still very wide. Inequalities are rampant in all frontscultural, social, economic, political and in nurture. Women have no separate identity of herself. They are identified in relation to her father, husband, son and grandson. Women in the society The Patriarchal system is the root cause of social injustice in Nepal. Sons are preferred over daughters. Sons are considered economic insurance in old age. They carry the family name, perform death rituals and rites.Girls are considered as others property to be given away in marriage. They are unwanted, neglected ad overworked. They are seen as auxiliary contributors to the household. Thus, the women are caught in the corrupt circle of the family system of exploitation and deprivation. The socialization pattern of Nepalese society is very discriminative. From the childhood, boys are groomed towards productive work and decision making and girls are limit to an inside world conditioned to be home makers, dutiful wives, loving mothers and service providers.A woman is subjected to the backup protection of man and has no mobility. Women are controlled by men and are considered as a property of men. Hence they do not have their own property. steady religion, discipline and rituals are denied to women. A womens life is not for her self. hea lth status of Nepalese women is deplorable. Nepal is one of the three countries in the world where the life prediction of women is lower than that of men. In Nepal 20 percent of pregnancies are said to be in the high risk category. Violence on girl-child and child whoredom is alarmingly increasing.Trafficking of girls into India are increasing and of those trafficked 20 percent are minors under 16 years of age. The boilersuit health condition is alarmingly poor people in Nepal. The average life expectancy is 55. 9 for males and 53. 5 for females. Only 10 percent of the pregnant women get motherlike service. The maternal mortality rate is 850 per 100,000 live birth. Average child bearing age among 40 percent of women is 15 to 19 years. The fertility rate is as high as 5. 7. Women have been the focus of population policies and the main objective for family political platformning and fertility control.The girl malnutrition rate is double than that of boy under 5 years. 78 percent of rural women suffer by genus Anemia in the delivery period. 85 percent of women depend upon the tralatitious birth attendants instead of health post and hospital serve. Even in the urban areas, the maternal mortality rate is 8. 5 per 1000 but in rural and geographically distanced rural area the MMR is 15. 4 per 1000. Economic attitude of Nepalese Women Nepal is an underdeveloped agricultural country with a per capita GDP of US $ 202 (1994). Almost one-half of its population is below the poverty line.It ranks irregular among the poorest countries of the world. Studies have shown that womens contribution in the economy is large and significant with 57 percent of agricultural activities being carried out by women. They contribute about half of household income and work 11 hours a day. Despite womens substantial contributions both as cultivators and managers in the production process, all their labour is unnoticed, undervalued and un taradiddleed in the economy. Women as the worker s Women constitute a little over one-half of the Nepalese population. 5 percent of employed women are confined to agricultural work compared to 75 percent for men. Besides agriculture, women are again mostly confined to traditional jobs such as sewing and knitting. They are rarely enmeshed in professional and skilful jobs. Very few are in lodge services, commerce, manufacture etc. Jobs are low-paid, requiring relatively simple skills. In the service sector, women are mostly engaged in teaching, health and financial institutions. Women dally utmost behind in the legal knit and media service. Only 6 percent are run aground at officer level positions in the civil services.Women in Nepal in the main work for longer hours compared to men, and rural women pay much longer hours than urban women. His Majestys Government of Nepal has fixed the minimum plight and salaries in the industrial and organized sectors without any gender discrimination but in practice such discrimination ar e noticed. Discrimination in organized sectors are more prominent. Effective and in built participation of women in the increase process, both as a producer and consumer of suppuration output, has been accepted as a necessary condition for balanced, equitable and sustainable growth.But Nepalese women are yet to obtain such participation. In hurt of labour force participation, women are behind men, are predominantly confined to agriculture, account for the majority of unpaid family workers, number predominantly among the unemployed and are heavily concentrated in low-paid jobs, The constraints against womens involution in industry can be summarized as follows, Women are poorly qualified or not suitably trained Protective legislation has acted as a obstruction to womens employment Women are prepared to work for lower wage both women and men look upon womens income as supplementary There is no solidarity and no unions among women Women lack the collateral to become entrepreneu rs, therefore have no plan of attack to They lack entrepreneurial knowledge They have dual responsibilities and lack societal support credit loans or Ninety percent of the employed women are confined to agricultural activities where as it is less than seventy five percent in the case of men. Less than 6 percent of them are engaged in personal and company services, 2 percent are found in commerce and 1 percent in manufacturing.The employment of women in sectors like electricity, gas and water, construction, transport and communication finance and business services is extremely low or negligible (table No. 3). Economically combat-ready cosmos (10 years and above) by Major application and sex 1991 (in percent) turn off 1 Occupational Structure of Women and Men (1991) Occupation Male female person count Female as % of Total Professional technical Workers 2. 5 0. 7 1. 8 15. Administrative Workers 0. 4 0. 1 0. 3 9. 3 Clerical Workers 1. 6 0. 3 1. 1 10. 0 Sales Workers 3. 9 1. 7 3. 0 22. 6 Service Workers 7. 8 3. 8 6. 2 25. 1 Farm/Fish Workers 74. 90. 4 81. 0 45. 1 deed Labour Workers 5. 8 2. 0 4. 2 18. 8 Others 3. 0 0. 8 2. 1 15. 8 Not Stated 0. 3 0. 2 0. 3 35. 9 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 40. Source Population Census 1991 prorogue 2 Women in the Labour force 1991 string Male Female Total I. Population(in 000) 9221 9270 18491 2. Labour force 6445 6554 12999 (Population aged 10 years and above in 000) 3.Labour forces% of total people 69. 9 70. 7 70. 3 4. Economically active population 4428 2982 7410 (Aged 10 years &038 above in 000) 5. Labour force participation rate 68. 7 45. 5 57. 0 (4 as% of2) 6.Economically inactive population 2017 3572 5589 (aged 10 years and above000) 7. 6as%of 2 31. 3 54. 5 43 Source Population Census 1991 Table 3Economically active population (10 years and above) by major industries and sex, 1991(in percent) Industry Male Female Total Female as % of Total Agriculture 74. 9 90. 5 81. 2 45. 0 Manufacturing 2. 6 1. 2 2. 0 11. 9 Construction 0. 7 0. 1 0. 5 10. 9 Commerce 4. 5 2. 0 3. 23. 7 Transport and communication 1. 1 0. 1 0. 7 3. 9 Finance and business services 0. 4 0. 1 0. 3 13. 4 Personal &038 community services 13. 6 5. 3 10. 2 21. 0 Others 0. 6 0. 1 0. 4. 6. 7 Industry not stated 1. 1. 6 1. 0 23. 2 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 40. 4 Source Population Census 1991 Women are facing problems created by government new economic policy of privatization and relaxation method. The policy of privatization and liberalization is yet to show its full impact in Nepalese economy. Even then we expect to encounter the following problems in the field of women workers and employment in the days to come. 1. The employer may prefer men to women or unmarried to married one 2.Difference in salary of men and women may persist 3. Government may not be responsible for subject building program for women 4. The dignity of women workers might erode as they will be treated as co mmodity by their employers. 5. Prostitution, sex touristry and sexual harassment will grow together with success of privatization and liberalization 6. Women will have to be restricted to low skilled and low paid jobs. The new policy will reduce the opportunities for formal education and vocational training for upgrading the skills, with a result that women do not narrow down for promotions, job up gradation and higher wage. didactics and Nepalese Women For a long time, education was a privilege for a few in Nepal. The first government school for girls opened in 1948 a year after the Civil Rights Movement. It was only in 1951 that education was gradually prompted throughout the country. The literacy rate in the country is 40 percent. Literacy rate among women is only 25 percent. In the schools the dropout and irregularity of girls are higher compared to that of boys. Progress in the promotion of girls education has been made as a result of foreign womens year and the internationa l womens decade. Several measures have been taken to augment girls education.Female teachers were appointed in each school. Nevertheless, education is yet to be effective in empowering women in Nepal. Education in Nepal is not yet linked with the lives of the people. Equality and empowerment of women is only a lip-service. Government Policy and Womens Advancement There has been some changes in the interests and attitudes of the policy planners after the change in the political system. However, the changes are not satisfactory and are still sectoral. A new ministry looking after women issues has been created. The ministry is to coordinate and further the policies and programs related to the women.Women constitute half of the population in Nepal. Unless they participate fully in the nation building task, economic development of the country will not be possible. Taking this reality into account sectoral strategy and working policy were outlined in the eighth plan (1992-97), the first plan of fully democratic. The strategies to be followed as outlined in the plan are Encouraging womens participation in traditional as well as non traditional sectors Extending inlet to be formal and non-formal education to women Adopting affirmative action in training program Increasing womens access to health facilities especially FP/MCH facilities Increasing womens access to credit, technical knowledge, entrepreneurship development programs, merchandise facilities and employment opportunities Extending to rural areas those kinds of technological changes which reduce the time spend in gathering an fetching fuel fodder, water and household work rewrite laws discriminatory to women Though the government of Nepal started a policy on Women In Development (WID) since sixth five year plan (1980-85). The policy aimed to embolden the status of women by recognizing women as development agent.The plans stressed on technical and non technical fields of training for women. The Women Training Centre was formed under the Ministry of Local Development (MOLD) for skill development of rural women. Of course there has been some changes in the interests and attitudes among politicians and policy makers. However the change is not overall satisfactory and still is sectoral. Women should be recognized as partner and not as subordinate to men. No doubt, the newly formed Ministry of Women and Social wellbeing should take up a leading role in assert this concept. Girls trafficking and prostitution as major Social Problems of Women in NepalIn Nepal girls trafficking and prostitution problem are becoming similar to that of problems in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Over 200,000 Nepali girls/women are reported to be indulged into prostitution in India. It is said that between 5000 to 7000 unripe girls are trafficked to India annually of which one-third are trafficked forcefully. According to the Indian Health Organization (IHO) 100,000 Nepali girls/women a re working as prostitutes in Calcutta, Mumbai and New Delhi alone. IHO estimates that of the 15,000 prostitutes working in the state of Utter Pradesh, 12,000 are Nepali girls and women.The Girls, change against their will, are subjected to severe mental and physical torture. Most of the girls and women engaged in prostitution are usually from broken families while others come from poor families. Many innocent teenage girls are abducted or lured from their homes in the countryside and are forced into the job. They are either lured or deceived on fake promises and exchange to the brothel houses in Indian cities by the middlemen. As such the Nepali girls/women are found serving as prostitutes in almost every city and towns of India and the practice is, unfortunately increasing.Intra-regional and Inter-regional trafficking has also increased rapidly as more and more people migrate to the cities. There are more than 5000 girls/women from surrounding countryside working as prostitutes i n Kathmandu and it is said that there are more than 200 brothels in Kathmandu city alone. Similarly, major marketplace centres work as transit centres for ultimate trafficking into India. The East-west Highway is a fertile ground for prostitution which is being called parkly as track prostitution.Some reports and investigations have revealed that large number of girls/women have been trafficked via spread over and garment factories. Many who fall victim are those destitute and helpless women who are neglected, do by and abandoned by their husbands and relatives. Many women belonging to lower castes are also made to be the victims. No doubt the trafficking of girls/women to the urban areas of Nepal and to the brothels of foreign countries split up us a story of fraud exploitation, domination as well as despair frustration and poverty.We need to look beyond the facade of economic problems and try to come with the possible reasons within a large cultural, historical and socio-p olitical framework. While the subjects of sex remains taboo in Nepalese society, prostitution has gained a big momentum. It is no longer limited to the traditional red light areas of Salyan, Pyuthan and Dang governs where the women of the Badi community adopt prostitution as profession. They adopt prostitution as a social practice. Under the Deuki system the girls are surrendered to temples by people by the way of religious gift or Bhakal.The Deukies are not expected to marry and thus, they adopt prostitution as a means of livelihood when they grow up. The Deuki system has been operating under the guise of religious and cultural vox populis. The cultural practice of Deuki system and Badi community have given way to socially recognized prostitution in Nepal. In Nepal as banning of prostitution remains a topic of dispute, there can be no question on the imperative need to address the issue that force girls and women into the flesh trade.The immediate risk groups like the poor and ignorant girls in the countryside, girls children working in the carpet and garment factories and the children on the streets should be made the immediate target for protection activities. All the government and non government organizations and the conscious citizens need to act actively to abolish the practice of flesh trade. Everybody should realize the gravity of the problem which is sitting a big scourge to a very fabric of Nepalese society. Everyone should work to contribute for he prevention and control of prostitution and girls trafficking.Well coordinated efforts need to be made in creating the congenial environment to reject the sexual exploitation of women. There should be an effective implementation of laws relating to trafficking of girls. Income and employment generating programs such as knitting, sewing, weaving, bamboo work, sericulture etc. are necessary so that economic status of women in the countryside, the fertile ground for the traffickers is bettered. The p rofession of flesh trade can not be checked with the legal measures alone.Alternative means for option are necessary. Both income generating activities as well as programs generating awareness are equally important in this respect. Despite all the existing laws, the enforcement and the threat of AIDS, girls/women trafficking and prostitution still remain a growing problem in Nepal. Nevertheless, it is a matter of great satisfaction that since the last few years some of the NGO and INGOs have started taking keen interests on the issue of women trafficking and practice of forced prostitution in Nepal.Similarly, the international and United Nations agencies have also started creating an awareness against girls trafficking and immoral prostitution practices. In the western and far western part of Nepal there is residue of slavery system called Karnaiya. The bonded labourers do not receive their full labour cost. They have to work impoverished of charge for 15-18 hours/day The system i s spread in 5 district of Kailali, Kanchanpur, Banke, Dang and Bardiya. In all these districts there is approximately 50 thousands Kamaiya. Generally women from Kamaiya family are required to work surplus for the landlord.Women under Kamaiya system are more exploited even than the Kamaiyas themselves. Physical and sexual abuse are common among Kamaiya women. Global context of and its effect to Nepali Women In the present context globalization has inflicted its worse effect all over the world. Globalization is generally used t0 designate an aggregate of policy measures which seek to expand market relations on world level and to enlarge the scope for the free movement of capital internationally. Some of the key components of globalizations are trade liberalization i. e. reakdown of tariff barriers, privatization of formerly humankind sector companies and the reduction of state interposition and the promotion of export oriented production for instance pf cash crops agriculture. In th e countries of the south , such policies are generally imposed by WB. IMF , in the name of geomorphological adjustment. while the ideology of globalization states that such polities serve to promote human welfare an increasingly large body of writings migration from rural areas and to a shift from secure to insecure forms of employment and production.Under morphologic adjustment programmes, government world wide have been compelled to sell of public sector companies to the private sector, and such transfers to the private sector have oftentimes been accompanied but massive dismissals and the flexibilization of labour relations under structural adjustment and liberalization, workers loose various forms of minimal security previously provided by the state or state owned companies. The declarations and programs of action adopted at the quaternion global womens conferences held since 1975 have added important dimensions on the empowerment of women.The second global conference in Co penhagen in 1980 and the third one in Nairobi in 1985 contributed to the adoption of the advancement of women by the year 2000. straightaway the UN is working on the fourth phase of progress of women. All the four conferences have the message that no progress is possible without a full and equal participation of men and women. Although in many countries women remain most deprived, discriminated and powerless in most societies.With this global context we should raise some pertinent points regarding Nepalese womens movement which will give the picture of Nepalese women, their social, cultural, economic and political status who are the threshold for the 21st century. terminal From the mid 1980s womens movement in Nepal can be characterized in three distinct features. Firstly, womens movement was all activism. The role of academia was insignificant. But now there has been forging links between these two in a variety of ways in different fora, conferences, conventions, and demonstratio ns.A strong belief among many groups has emerged that the struggle against gender inequalities can not be waged in isolation from struggle in many other fronts. Thirdly, the womens movement is not secluded within the country and is increasingly interconnected with the international womens movement. The four international conferences on women have been successful in bringing womens all over the world in common platform of action (Country floor on International Womens Conference, 1-5 August 1997, Malmo, Sweden prepared by Sujita Shakya &038 Umesh Upadhyaya)