Analysis of Rights and Duties in Nepal

Womens Property Rights Movement in Nepal by Binda Pandey Nepal is still running be low strong feudalistic affable values and norms. There were no f whole provisions regarding Nepali women and property skillfuls until 1975. Following the UN Declaration of 1975, which was International Womens Year, the Nepalese government began to celeb regulate International Womens Day on the eighth of March. That aforesaid(prenominal) division, the genteel Code was fixed and a clause on womens herit period and property rights included.The clause states that if a wo domain runs unmarried up to 35 big time of age, she would harbour a right to acquire property. However, the amendment limits itself as it continues if she gets conjugal union aft(prenominal) having property that should be returned back to the br in the altogether(prenominal)s by deducting the marriage cost. With the restoration of multiparty democracy in 1990, the new constitution guaranteed that no single should be disc riminated against on the basis of sex. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal) than, in 1991, the government ratified the UN form on the Elimination of wholly forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW-1979).The nations Womens Movement take uped that all in touch onities in Nepali uprightness be eliminated and focused attention on the match right of women to inherit property. two semipolitical parties absorb included this direct in their respective(prenominal) election manifestos. The opposition party in parliament, the communistic Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist, has raised this geld repeatedly only if the government has neither considered it seriously, nor taken both initiation to amend discriminatory laws. In 1993, a case was finally filed in the Supreme Court with a demand to amend the Civil Code to give women equal rights over property.After devil geezerhood, in 1995, the Supreme Court issued a directive to the government to store a airman in parl iament that would guarantee a womans rights to inherit property. Following the Supreme Court directive, the Ministry of Women and Social Welf atomic human body 18 drafted a schnoz, popularly known as the Womens Property Rights Bill in order to amend the make uping Civil Code. It was tabled for discussion in the 11th session of Parliament. It took wellhead-nigh six eld more to be passed through and through parliament, despite a number of early(a) Bills being acquireed in this time parliament.During this catamenia, various political parties and parliamentary committees possess do a number of convinces to the veritable Bill. On July 17, 2001, a parliamentary committee unanimously decl ard that women should have equal rights to inherit property. However, the ruling Nepali Congress party expressed somewhat disagreement and proposed that familial property should be returned back to respective br a nonher(prenominal)/s if she gets marriage. The ruling party passed the Bill with a study(ip)ity vote in the Lower House of Parliament in October 2001. moreover, the Upper House National Assembly, which is dominated by the opposition party, failed the Bill and it was sent back to the Lower House for reconsideration. In due process, the Bill came back to the Lower House. Here, the ruling party was pressing for the Bill to be adopted while the main opposition party, supported by close to all women organizations, was pressing hard to guarantee inherited property rights for women alike to that of their brother/s. In this situation, at that place was a take chances that the Bill would non be passed again and it might take several more years to go through a nonher round of discussion.At this point, the opposition party made the tricky decision to vote for a Bill with its reservation on the provision, which do not recognize the equal right of discussions or daughters to inherited property after(prenominal)wards marriage. Major Achievements through 11th A mendment in Civil Code-2020 (1963) After all these turning points, the bill was finally passed in parliament on March 14, 2002. It was sent to the King for his seal of approval and came into proceeds from September 27, 2002. The major contactments of this amendment ar as follows Womens Right to PropertyToday, women in Nepal female genitals enjoy their right to inherit property from birthing. But when they marry any property go away be returned to the p arnts family. The new law establishes a wifes equal right to her husbands property immediately after marriage, rather than after she r all(prenominal)es 35 years of age or has been married for 15 years as before. A widows right to claim her sh atomic number 18 of property from the joint family after the death of her husband, and to use this property actualize up if she gets re-married, is now as well constituted in law. Womens Right to DivorceThe Bill gives women the right to seek divorce from her husband if he harasses h er physically or psychologically if he establishes sexual relationships with other women if he is incapable of producing children or if he is affected by and std, including human immunodeficiency virus/aids. Previously, the law allowed a wife to claim only food block from her husband for the five years following their divorce. Today, a woman fireful also claim property. Increase Penalty for Polygamy Polygamy is still rampant in Nepal, though it was decl bed il sub judice in 1975.Previously, those who violate the law in this regard face a punishment of 1 to 3 months in prison or a fine of 1000 to 2000 Rupees, or both. The new amendment enlarges these punishments, a man behind now face 1 to 3 years in prison or a fine of 5000 25,000 Rupees, or both. Womens Right to Abortion Previously, abortion was il levelheaded unless a doctor discuss that a mothers life was endangered unless a foetus was aborted. Charged with this crime, more than five dozen women atomic number 18 impris iodind across Nepal. The new law legalizes abortion with some conditions.In normal cases a woman can determine her own decision to go through with an abortion, though only indoors the inaugural 12 weeks of pregnancy. However, if the childs delivery endangers the mothers life, or if a women becomes pregnant through rape or incestuous sexual relations then abortions can take place within 18 weeks of pregnancy. Nepal is the first South Asian country to legalize abortion in this way. Stern Action against persons taskatical in Rape Rape is one of the major issues that has been raised by the womens movement in Nepal.In this regard, the amendments to the civil code line the law stronger and increase the punishment for rapists. According to the new provisions, a rapist can be imprisoned for 10-15 years, if their victim is below 10 years of age 7-10 years of imprisonment, if their victim is between 10 and 16 years of age and 5 7 years of imprisonment, if the victims age is to a hig her place 16 years. In separately category, an additional five years of prison can be addicted if the victim is a pregnant or disabled woman. Lacunas still remain It is a big progress toment that women have been granted more legal rights with this amendment. But, there remain issues to be addressed.One major issue is to establish equal rights of property inheritance regardless of a womens marital billet. The struggle to achieve rights based on gender is ongoing. If gender equality has not been achieved even when important goals be met then the struggle should continue. Challenges ahead There is a bigger challenge ahead of the womens movement. Until and unless women and men in wider society atomic number 18 aw atomic number 18 of these new legal instruments, they cannot bring any remarkable change to the real lives of Nepalese women. In this regard, it is the affair and responsibility of the womens movement to make women and men aware of their legal rights.At the same time, mixer and bureaucratic structures including those in civil society and government must institutionalize these changes. Only in this way will feudal and handed-down attitudes towards womens rights change. To ensure the impact of these legal rights, authority should be delegated in a practical way and the implementing instrument should be correctly managed. The womens movement can lead the campaign to make people aware and to check that the law is implemented properly. We can turf out that legal instruments are important tools and play a crucial role in creating gender equality in society. Updated version of the published oblige in Workers raw(a)s 32, March 2002) Womens Movement Scenario in Nepal Nepal is one of the to the lowest degree developed countries in the world. Our socio-stinting life and hence the national life is by and large dependent on agriculture. 42 partage of the national income is being contributed by agriculture and al to the highest degree 81 percentage o f the population is employed in this sector. However, agriculture itself is in a very miserable condition. It has become outdoor(a) of life to majority of the population, but its fruitfulness is decreasing any year.In the Nepalese condition, the women struggle started against British imperialism. Patriotic struggle against British imperialism dates back to the contest of 1814 at Nalapani. Women marched shoulder to shoulder with men in the civil right movement of 1948. Women took officious part in the democratic revolution of 1951 which overthrew the 104 year autarchy of the genus Rana family. Its goal was to overthrow the 104 years of Rana autocracy from Nepal. The first women organization the Nepal Women friendship was established in 1948, it worked to inculcate political awareness among women.After the fall of the Rana regime and dawn of democracy in 1951, political parties became active. Womens organization began to be affiliated with various political parties. During the xxx year rule (1960-1990) of the party-less Panchayat system, all political parties and independent women 5 organizations were banned. However, the left democratic forces continued their struggle against the suppressive political system. The communist organise peasants and workers to fight against the exploitative regime. Women came out in large number during the struggle for democracy.The All Nepal Women Association (ANWA) functioning downstairs the party, was very active in organizing revolutionary women. It is during this period of struggle that ANWA established itself as a revolutionary wing of the party. many another(prenominal) members of ANWA were tortured by the rulers. The persistence in the struggle attracted women to join the movement. The movement was success ripey expanded throughout the country. alike there were some sectoral women movements in existence against the feudal exploitation of landlord and Rana regime. But they were limited in coverage and could not tak e bigger shape to include women from all over the nation.In order to infrastand the shape of the movement, it is necessary to mention how the womens political and organized form of movement was attached with the political parties. The first to a lower placeground mass meeting of All Nepal Women Association was held in 1980. The gathering discussed and analyzed situation of the country, set goals and strategies of women struggle to achieve the womens rights and liberation. It formulated the long term and short term national indemnity and programme for the women struggle. The period of eighties is the most active and important period for Nepalese women movement.The oppression from the then rulers was intolerable. Many women activists were jailed and tortured, more than 70 women activists were full-time underground and semi-underground activists. They developed thousands of activists who were over-ground, and they continued their underground activities. It played a crucial role in creating political awareness and played satisfying role in organizing women of different class, profession and strata. During its underground political training, the All Nepal Women Association equipped its cadre with true ideals in the struggles for political rights, social justice and economic equality.It also made best use of the 8th March International Womens Day (started since 1972, 8th march), and national festival such(prenominal) as Tij (exclusive women festival) and Tihar (festival of light) celebrated each year for five days culminating the worshipping of brothers by sisters on the last day. On this day women folk gather at their parental houses, hence an opportunity to make best use of gathering. ANWA organized its first National Conference in 1989 in underground way, blink of an eye National Conference in 1992 and the third National Conference in 1995 with the theme Social Security and Employment, Equal Rights in all Sectors.All members of ANWA and other women organi zations cultivated a dream-a dream of new progressive and democratic Nepal where women troth in all walks of national life is ensured. In spite of all these struggles, sacrifices and enthusiasm, women have been marginalized in politics as in any other sectors. The paternalistic structures of the family, society and the male-dominated political organizations gave little space to women. There exist a big gap between saying and doing, preaching and practicing some womens elaboration and leadership in Nepal.Constitutionally, 5 percent seats of the summarise candidacy in the parliamentary election are re dishd for women, in each political party. Recently the government has decided to provide 15 percent reservation in each VDC and Municipality. Altogether there are 4000 VDCs and 58 Municipalities and in each VDC there are 9 Wards (Unit). separately ward of the VDC will have 5 members including chairperson elected. Among quaternity members one seat is reserved for women. There is a p rovision of Advisory direction in VDC and municipality and participation of women is provisioned.Thus, at the local level altogether more than 120,000 women will be mobilized representing all parties. It is a welcome step send to include women in politics at the local levels. The position of women in civil attend is also very bleak. While the 1990 High aim Administration Reform Commission gave suggestions to improve the situation, only 5 percent of the civil servants at officer level were women in 1992. National and worldwide efforts have been made to bring multilateral and bilateral agencies for aid and service for womens cause.In spite of all these efforts, gender gap is still very wide. Inequalities are rampant in all frontscultural, social, economic, political and in nurture. Women have no separate identity of herself. They are identified in relation to her father, husband, son and grandson. Women in the society The Patriarchal system is the root cause of social injustice in Nepal. Sons are preferred over daughters. Sons are considered economic insurance in old age. They carry the family name, perform death rituals and rites.Girls are considered as others property to be given away in marriage. They are unwanted, neglected ad overworked. They are seen as auxiliary contributors to the household. Thus, the women are caught in the corrupt circle of the family system of exploitation and deprivation. The socialization pattern of Nepalese society is very discriminative. From the childhood, boys are groomed towards productive work and decision making and girls are limit to an inside world conditioned to be home makers, dutiful wives, loving mothers and service providers.A woman is subjected to the backup protection of man and has no mobility. Women are controlled by men and are considered as a property of men. Hence they do not have their own property. steady religion, discipline and rituals are denied to women. A womens life is not for her self. hea lth status of Nepalese women is deplorable. Nepal is one of the three countries in the world where the life prediction of women is lower than that of men. In Nepal 20 percent of pregnancies are said to be in the high risk category. Violence on girl-child and child whoredom is alarmingly increasing.Trafficking of girls into India are increasing and of those trafficked 20 percent are minors under 16 years of age. The boilersuit health condition is alarmingly poor people in Nepal. The average life expectancy is 55. 9 for males and 53. 5 for females. Only 10 percent of the pregnant women get motherlike service. The maternal mortality rate is 850 per 100,000 live birth. Average child bearing age among 40 percent of women is 15 to 19 years. The fertility rate is as high as 5. 7. Women have been the focus of population policies and the main objective for family political platformning and fertility control.The girl malnutrition rate is double than that of boy under 5 years. 78 percent of rural women suffer by genus Anemia in the delivery period. 85 percent of women depend upon the tralatitious birth attendants instead of health post and hospital serve. Even in the urban areas, the maternal mortality rate is 8. 5 per 1000 but in rural and geographically distanced rural area the MMR is 15. 4 per 1000. Economic attitude of Nepalese Women Nepal is an underdeveloped agricultural country with a per capita GDP of US $ 202 (1994). Almost one-half of its population is below the poverty line.It ranks irregular among the poorest countries of the world. Studies have shown that womens contribution in the economy is large and significant with 57 percent of agricultural activities being carried out by women. They contribute about half of household income and work 11 hours a day. Despite womens substantial contributions both as cultivators and managers in the production process, all their labour is unnoticed, undervalued and un taradiddleed in the economy. Women as the worker s Women constitute a little over one-half of the Nepalese population. 5 percent of employed women are confined to agricultural work compared to 75 percent for men. Besides agriculture, women are again mostly confined to traditional jobs such as sewing and knitting. They are rarely enmeshed in professional and skilful jobs. Very few are in lodge services, commerce, manufacture etc. Jobs are low-paid, requiring relatively simple skills. In the service sector, women are mostly engaged in teaching, health and financial institutions. Women dally utmost behind in the legal knit and media service. Only 6 percent are run aground at officer level positions in the civil services.Women in Nepal in the main work for longer hours compared to men, and rural women pay much longer hours than urban women. His Majestys Government of Nepal has fixed the minimum plight and salaries in the industrial and organized sectors without any gender discrimination but in practice such discrimination ar e noticed. Discrimination in organized sectors are more prominent. Effective and in built participation of women in the increase process, both as a producer and consumer of suppuration output, has been accepted as a necessary condition for balanced, equitable and sustainable growth.But Nepalese women are yet to obtain such participation. In hurt of labour force participation, women are behind men, are predominantly confined to agriculture, account for the majority of unpaid family workers, number predominantly among the unemployed and are heavily concentrated in low-paid jobs, The constraints against womens involution in industry can be summarized as follows, Women are poorly qualified or not suitably trained Protective legislation has acted as a obstruction to womens employment Women are prepared to work for lower wage both women and men look upon womens income as supplementary There is no solidarity and no unions among women Women lack the collateral to become entrepreneu rs, therefore have no plan of attack to They lack entrepreneurial knowledge They have dual responsibilities and lack societal support credit loans or Ninety percent of the employed women are confined to agricultural activities where as it is less than seventy five percent in the case of men. Less than 6 percent of them are engaged in personal and company services, 2 percent are found in commerce and 1 percent in manufacturing.The employment of women in sectors like electricity, gas and water, construction, transport and communication finance and business services is extremely low or negligible (table No. 3). Economically combat-ready cosmos (10 years and above) by Major application and sex 1991 (in percent) turn off 1 Occupational Structure of Women and Men (1991) Occupation Male female person count Female as % of Total Professional technical Workers 2. 5 0. 7 1. 8 15. Administrative Workers 0. 4 0. 1 0. 3 9. 3 Clerical Workers 1. 6 0. 3 1. 1 10. 0 Sales Workers 3. 9 1. 7 3. 0 22. 6 Service Workers 7. 8 3. 8 6. 2 25. 1 Farm/Fish Workers 74. 90. 4 81. 0 45. 1 deed Labour Workers 5. 8 2. 0 4. 2 18. 8 Others 3. 0 0. 8 2. 1 15. 8 Not Stated 0. 3 0. 2 0. 3 35. 9 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 40. Source Population Census 1991 prorogue 2 Women in the Labour force 1991 string Male Female Total I. Population(in 000) 9221 9270 18491 2. Labour force 6445 6554 12999 (Population aged 10 years and above in 000) 3.Labour forces% of total people 69. 9 70. 7 70. 3 4. Economically active population 4428 2982 7410 (Aged 10 years &038 above in 000) 5. Labour force participation rate 68. 7 45. 5 57. 0 (4 as% of2) 6.Economically inactive population 2017 3572 5589 (aged 10 years and above000) 7. 6as%of 2 31. 3 54. 5 43 Source Population Census 1991 Table 3Economically active population (10 years and above) by major industries and sex, 1991(in percent) Industry Male Female Total Female as % of Total Agriculture 74. 9 90. 5 81. 2 45. 0 Manufacturing 2. 6 1. 2 2. 0 11. 9 Construction 0. 7 0. 1 0. 5 10. 9 Commerce 4. 5 2. 0 3. 23. 7 Transport and communication 1. 1 0. 1 0. 7 3. 9 Finance and business services 0. 4 0. 1 0. 3 13. 4 Personal &038 community services 13. 6 5. 3 10. 2 21. 0 Others 0. 6 0. 1 0. 4. 6. 7 Industry not stated 1. 1. 6 1. 0 23. 2 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 40. 4 Source Population Census 1991 Women are facing problems created by government new economic policy of privatization and relaxation method. The policy of privatization and liberalization is yet to show its full impact in Nepalese economy. Even then we expect to encounter the following problems in the field of women workers and employment in the days to come. 1. The employer may prefer men to women or unmarried to married one 2.Difference in salary of men and women may persist 3. Government may not be responsible for subject building program for women 4. The dignity of women workers might erode as they will be treated as co mmodity by their employers. 5. Prostitution, sex touristry and sexual harassment will grow together with success of privatization and liberalization 6. Women will have to be restricted to low skilled and low paid jobs. The new policy will reduce the opportunities for formal education and vocational training for upgrading the skills, with a result that women do not narrow down for promotions, job up gradation and higher wage. didactics and Nepalese Women For a long time, education was a privilege for a few in Nepal. The first government school for girls opened in 1948 a year after the Civil Rights Movement. It was only in 1951 that education was gradually prompted throughout the country. The literacy rate in the country is 40 percent. Literacy rate among women is only 25 percent. In the schools the dropout and irregularity of girls are higher compared to that of boys. Progress in the promotion of girls education has been made as a result of foreign womens year and the internationa l womens decade. Several measures have been taken to augment girls education.Female teachers were appointed in each school. Nevertheless, education is yet to be effective in empowering women in Nepal. Education in Nepal is not yet linked with the lives of the people. Equality and empowerment of women is only a lip-service. Government Policy and Womens Advancement There has been some changes in the interests and attitudes of the policy planners after the change in the political system. However, the changes are not satisfactory and are still sectoral. A new ministry looking after women issues has been created. The ministry is to coordinate and further the policies and programs related to the women.Women constitute half of the population in Nepal. Unless they participate fully in the nation building task, economic development of the country will not be possible. Taking this reality into account sectoral strategy and working policy were outlined in the eighth plan (1992-97), the first plan of fully democratic. The strategies to be followed as outlined in the plan are Encouraging womens participation in traditional as well as non traditional sectors Extending inlet to be formal and non-formal education to women Adopting affirmative action in training program Increasing womens access to health facilities especially FP/MCH facilities Increasing womens access to credit, technical knowledge, entrepreneurship development programs, merchandise facilities and employment opportunities Extending to rural areas those kinds of technological changes which reduce the time spend in gathering an fetching fuel fodder, water and household work rewrite laws discriminatory to women Though the government of Nepal started a policy on Women In Development (WID) since sixth five year plan (1980-85). The policy aimed to embolden the status of women by recognizing women as development agent.The plans stressed on technical and non technical fields of training for women. The Women Training Centre was formed under the Ministry of Local Development (MOLD) for skill development of rural women. Of course there has been some changes in the interests and attitudes among politicians and policy makers. However the change is not overall satisfactory and still is sectoral. Women should be recognized as partner and not as subordinate to men. No doubt, the newly formed Ministry of Women and Social wellbeing should take up a leading role in assert this concept. Girls trafficking and prostitution as major Social Problems of Women in NepalIn Nepal girls trafficking and prostitution problem are becoming similar to that of problems in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Over 200,000 Nepali girls/women are reported to be indulged into prostitution in India. It is said that between 5000 to 7000 unripe girls are trafficked to India annually of which one-third are trafficked forcefully. According to the Indian Health Organization (IHO) 100,000 Nepali girls/women a re working as prostitutes in Calcutta, Mumbai and New Delhi alone. IHO estimates that of the 15,000 prostitutes working in the state of Utter Pradesh, 12,000 are Nepali girls and women.The Girls, change against their will, are subjected to severe mental and physical torture. Most of the girls and women engaged in prostitution are usually from broken families while others come from poor families. Many innocent teenage girls are abducted or lured from their homes in the countryside and are forced into the job. They are either lured or deceived on fake promises and exchange to the brothel houses in Indian cities by the middlemen. As such the Nepali girls/women are found serving as prostitutes in almost every city and towns of India and the practice is, unfortunately increasing.Intra-regional and Inter-regional trafficking has also increased rapidly as more and more people migrate to the cities. There are more than 5000 girls/women from surrounding countryside working as prostitutes i n Kathmandu and it is said that there are more than 200 brothels in Kathmandu city alone. Similarly, major marketplace centres work as transit centres for ultimate trafficking into India. The East-west Highway is a fertile ground for prostitution which is being called parkly as track prostitution.Some reports and investigations have revealed that large number of girls/women have been trafficked via spread over and garment factories. Many who fall victim are those destitute and helpless women who are neglected, do by and abandoned by their husbands and relatives. Many women belonging to lower castes are also made to be the victims. No doubt the trafficking of girls/women to the urban areas of Nepal and to the brothels of foreign countries split up us a story of fraud exploitation, domination as well as despair frustration and poverty.We need to look beyond the facade of economic problems and try to come with the possible reasons within a large cultural, historical and socio-p olitical framework. While the subjects of sex remains taboo in Nepalese society, prostitution has gained a big momentum. It is no longer limited to the traditional red light areas of Salyan, Pyuthan and Dang governs where the women of the Badi community adopt prostitution as profession. They adopt prostitution as a social practice. Under the Deuki system the girls are surrendered to temples by people by the way of religious gift or Bhakal.The Deukies are not expected to marry and thus, they adopt prostitution as a means of livelihood when they grow up. The Deuki system has been operating under the guise of religious and cultural vox populis. The cultural practice of Deuki system and Badi community have given way to socially recognized prostitution in Nepal. In Nepal as banning of prostitution remains a topic of dispute, there can be no question on the imperative need to address the issue that force girls and women into the flesh trade.The immediate risk groups like the poor and ignorant girls in the countryside, girls children working in the carpet and garment factories and the children on the streets should be made the immediate target for protection activities. All the government and non government organizations and the conscious citizens need to act actively to abolish the practice of flesh trade. Everybody should realize the gravity of the problem which is sitting a big scourge to a very fabric of Nepalese society. Everyone should work to contribute for he prevention and control of prostitution and girls trafficking.Well coordinated efforts need to be made in creating the congenial environment to reject the sexual exploitation of women. There should be an effective implementation of laws relating to trafficking of girls. Income and employment generating programs such as knitting, sewing, weaving, bamboo work, sericulture etc. are necessary so that economic status of women in the countryside, the fertile ground for the traffickers is bettered. The p rofession of flesh trade can not be checked with the legal measures alone.Alternative means for option are necessary. Both income generating activities as well as programs generating awareness are equally important in this respect. Despite all the existing laws, the enforcement and the threat of AIDS, girls/women trafficking and prostitution still remain a growing problem in Nepal. Nevertheless, it is a matter of great satisfaction that since the last few years some of the NGO and INGOs have started taking keen interests on the issue of women trafficking and practice of forced prostitution in Nepal.Similarly, the international and United Nations agencies have also started creating an awareness against girls trafficking and immoral prostitution practices. In the western and far western part of Nepal there is residue of slavery system called Karnaiya. The bonded labourers do not receive their full labour cost. They have to work impoverished of charge for 15-18 hours/day The system i s spread in 5 district of Kailali, Kanchanpur, Banke, Dang and Bardiya. In all these districts there is approximately 50 thousands Kamaiya. Generally women from Kamaiya family are required to work surplus for the landlord.Women under Kamaiya system are more exploited even than the Kamaiyas themselves. Physical and sexual abuse are common among Kamaiya women. Global context of and its effect to Nepali Women In the present context globalization has inflicted its worse effect all over the world. Globalization is generally used t0 designate an aggregate of policy measures which seek to expand market relations on world level and to enlarge the scope for the free movement of capital internationally. Some of the key components of globalizations are trade liberalization i. e. reakdown of tariff barriers, privatization of formerly humankind sector companies and the reduction of state interposition and the promotion of export oriented production for instance pf cash crops agriculture. In th e countries of the south , such policies are generally imposed by WB. IMF , in the name of geomorphological adjustment. while the ideology of globalization states that such polities serve to promote human welfare an increasingly large body of writings migration from rural areas and to a shift from secure to insecure forms of employment and production.Under morphologic adjustment programmes, government world wide have been compelled to sell of public sector companies to the private sector, and such transfers to the private sector have oftentimes been accompanied but massive dismissals and the flexibilization of labour relations under structural adjustment and liberalization, workers loose various forms of minimal security previously provided by the state or state owned companies. The declarations and programs of action adopted at the quaternion global womens conferences held since 1975 have added important dimensions on the empowerment of women.The second global conference in Co penhagen in 1980 and the third one in Nairobi in 1985 contributed to the adoption of the advancement of women by the year 2000. straightaway the UN is working on the fourth phase of progress of women. All the four conferences have the message that no progress is possible without a full and equal participation of men and women. Although in many countries women remain most deprived, discriminated and powerless in most societies.With this global context we should raise some pertinent points regarding Nepalese womens movement which will give the picture of Nepalese women, their social, cultural, economic and political status who are the threshold for the 21st century. terminal From the mid 1980s womens movement in Nepal can be characterized in three distinct features. Firstly, womens movement was all activism. The role of academia was insignificant. But now there has been forging links between these two in a variety of ways in different fora, conferences, conventions, and demonstratio ns.A strong belief among many groups has emerged that the struggle against gender inequalities can not be waged in isolation from struggle in many other fronts. Thirdly, the womens movement is not secluded within the country and is increasingly interconnected with the international womens movement. The four international conferences on women have been successful in bringing womens all over the world in common platform of action (Country floor on International Womens Conference, 1-5 August 1997, Malmo, Sweden prepared by Sujita Shakya &038 Umesh Upadhyaya)

Cognitive Psychology

psychological systemal science has see umpteen gifts of organic evolution and gained momentum with more an new(prenominal)(prenominal) prominent psychologists attempting to map the gentleman mind and explain the behaviours abstruse. These individuals involve do the many theories of psychological science and give insight to the vast interwovenity of the forgiving mind in well-nigh all walks of life. Up until the 1960s psychological science was dominated with mienism and gained popularity with findings by B. F mule skinners rate maze (Bjork, 2010). B. F. mule driver believed that the mind was invisible and distant to scientists.He believed that concerns should be focalizeed on end results quite an than inseparable motiones. The incomplete analysis of forgiving be pick up sparked many questions giving bounds the theories of cognitive psychological science, which examine the internecine swear out upes, chore solving skills, entrepot and language and the general mystery of how citizenry think, remember, call for and be eat (Boeree, 2006). This paper exit examine four milestones in cognitive psychological science and why the concepts of behaviourism derrierenot be neglected in the cognitive preliminary as it relates to world manner. On the forefront of psychological science as a scholarly ch antiophthalmic factoraign is Wilhelm Wundt.His foundation of a formal presentation to breeding the many aspects of serviceman bearing paved the counsel for the suppuration of the many schools of cerebration in the house of psychological science. His establishment of the first psychological science lab at the University of Leipzig unaffectionate psychology as a dedicate science landing field of learn and as thus do the developing of cognitive psychology possible. though Wundt was analyse the mind through a perspective considered structuralism, his posture of perusal the conglomerate aspects of the homosexual mind , presented a dumbfound to be emulated by psychologists some the world. jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was arouse in the growth of pitying cognitive capacities. Piaget explored how children grow and develop in their abilities to reason and think. His studies were foc utilise on how a child would reach a certain conclusion rather than whether the reached conclusion was accurate. Piaget developed the four stage subprogram of child cultivation and laid let on a sensible body of how culture flows other than during the intelligence development of mercifuls. These stages argon vital to the arrangement of physical and moral limitations in the impact of info as it enters the learning ability.His model of child development serves as guidance for school curriculums and education modules (Huitt, 2003) Albert Bandura ab initio studied homosexuality expression through the eyes of behaviourism, alleviate know that the mind absorbs tuition unalikely depending on the circumstances surrounding a soulfulness, and as such the touch is equally important as the education creation fed. (Boeree, 2006). He is lots considered the initiator of the cognitive front, when his squareization of the various factors contributing to the retention, helping and memory of check began to emerge in the working out of studies in psychology (Boeree, 2006).The drop dead noted contributor to the development of cognitive psychology was George Miller. His publication of The well-off Number Seven, Plus or disconfirming Two illustrated the limitation of the human beingness head word and its cogency to throw and edge data (Miller, 1956). Miller points out the ability to retain a data set exceeding the jimmy of 7 call ons more thought-provoking and the bonny human does not have the capacity to accurately process schooling in excess of septenary. He illustrates this theory by tying it to the numeric representation of the design seven in signifi bu ttockst events and happenings around the world.The seven seas, the seven deadly sins, the seven days of the week and the coincidental subsidisation of seven-digit phone numbers serve as related findings of astonishing fascination. The apprise of musings in cognitive psychology tummy not be ignored due to the temper of cognitive psychology. It was founded on the basis of many schools of thought and as such it is the study of the mind, which functions based on external factors as well as inner happenings. Unlike a data processor, which functions the same, impactless of how the information was entered, a human being allow react and process the information antithetically.For instance, a computer exit carry out a weighing in the same way, without regard to the emotional assert the psyche enters the data. To a computer it is irrelevant how the person feels. A person will process information depending on the state he or she is in and this alter state of mind influences a per sons ability to retain data, misinterpret instructions or react to situations. This drop be evident in ability to focus on simple tasks when a person is in strenuous or emotionally charged situations.The musing of behavior in cognitive psychology will give clues on the effectuate of mental disposition preliminary to receiving data and the various outcomes. This approach sheds light source on the dependence of behavior and attitude towards the ability to simply process data. Without consideration of other factors the field of cognitive science would be undependable as the physical process of data as it enters the psyche results in vastly different reaction in population. This difference can be attributed to personality, experience and other factors of the human mind.cognitive psychology is a sanely sore science, though the many branches have laid the foundation of it everyplace the past centuries. The fascination of human behavior has taken many reach and forms and give n birth to the many approaches of study. cognitive psychology has accepted the take exception to not entirely look at the behavior or what causes it, but also how this determination is do in the human brain. This perspective of psychology can be challenging and as such, the study will expand for many geezerhood, as the note is not visible to the human eye.With the jock of unex axerophtholled engineering science, the process of translating unmeasured data happening inside the human brain to evidential data in explaining the functions of persuasion, reasoning, memory and retention has engender vast and continues to inspire however interest in the exploration of the complex human mind. Boeree, George. (2006). Albert bandura. Retrieved from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/bandura. html Boeree, George. (2006). Jean piaget. Retrieved from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html Bjork, Daniel. (2010). B. f. kinner (1904 1990) behavioral analysis, social service, educat ional reform. Retrieved from http//education. stateuniversity. com/pages/2421/Skinner-B-F-1904-1990. html Huitt, W. , &038 Hummel, J. (2003). Piagets theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta asseverate University. Retrieved from http//www. edpsycinteractive. org/topics/cogsys/piaget. html Miller, George. (1956). The Magical number seven, plus or minus deuce some limits on our capacity for processing information. Retrieved from http//www. musanim. com/miller1956/Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, Psychology has a persistent past, yet its real chronicle is bypass (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that eon the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is hard entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own educate has single been around a unretentive time. During this gip time, different branches of psycho logy have come out, one of them is cognitive psychology, which is alone roughly 50 years old.Cognitive psychology expands upon other field of psychology to further state why human beings act in the way they do. This paper will destine cognitive psychology, explore secern milestones in its development, and discuss the splendor of ceremony as it relates to cognitive psychology. bandage human behavior has been notice since the beginnings of psychology, the different handle focused only on observable behaviors. In tune to that, cognitive psychology is a perspective that looks at the mental processes involved with human intelligence and behavior.These processes embroil thinking, speaking, perceiving, memory, and problem-solving (Willingham, 2007). This field of psychology researches the imperceptible nature of these processes, and uses abstract constructs to better consider these processes (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology has evolved from other fields of psychology, one of which is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a very popular field of study during the early part of the twentieth century.Many well-known psychologists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner do their mark during this behavioristic revolution. The behaviorist movement was firmly grow in the scientific method and relied heavily on the observable actions. patch behaviorism was a useful beak in explaining behaviors based on replete(predicate) and drives, it had several large hold-ups in being useful for humans. First, closely of the experiments were through with(p) using non-human animals such as Pavlovs dogs, which had no real benefit in explaining the aspects of human intelligence.The second, and just about destructive shortcoming for behaviorism, was that it did not observe, nor could it explain, human language, or intrinsic drives (Willingham, 2007). From these short comings, it became evident that parts of the human psyche had to be studied, which is where cognitive psychology began to form. However, this shortcoming has not been the only development to help cognitive psychology become what it is. The metaphor examine the human mind to a computer was a big leap for cognitive psychology.It allowed new abstract ideas to recrudesce on how the human brain plant like an information processing center (Willingham, 2007). The basic wear out mint of this is sensory input gives way to processing, and from processing a behavior is chosen and performed. This behavior could be internal or external pendent on what the input necessitates. For instance the computer currently being used to indite this paper is receiving input from the recogniseboard. This information is translated as a bunch together of zeroes and ones, which are then output to the manage in the form of the earn being typed on the keyboard.Combine this metaphorical approach with the onset of technology, specifically neuroscience, and cognitive psychology continues to evolve. Neuroscience has tremendously helped cognitive psychology evolve. With the development of brain studying equipment such EEGs, CT scans, and MRIs cognitive psychologists, and scientists, are better able to substantiate how the brain is used in receiving input. A patient can be hooked up to one of these railway cars and be asked to perform a task, each physical or mental, and the brain patterns can be discovered.While the direct process of the fundamental interaction between brain cells cannot be directly observed, the patterns can be. These observations can be used to determine if the inferences made by the observing cognitive specialist are accurate (Willingham, 2007). sight how the brain reacts during these experiments can register links between the structure of the brain and the associated functions performed (Willingham, 2007). Even with technology contend a key role in cognitive psychology, behavioral observation does unsounded play a key in cognitive psychology.Behavioral observation is still vital in cognitive psychology. This is because it has shown that two different people whitethorn develop different ways to solve similar problems. by dint of these observations it has been suggested that how people solve problems helps to develop new cognitive skills. Also, without observation, the only tests that can be run are thinking tests, which entails a large touchstone of logic being applied to the results (Willingham, 2007). observing how different people call different situations allows for generalization to not become a problem.The continued technology movement has fueled the cognitive psychology movement. Combing experiments with a machine that can view the brain functions duration the behavior is also being observed has produced many new theories. This cognitive movement has been founded on the failures of the past, and is growing with the technology of the future. References Goodwin, J. C. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ bath Wiley & Sons. Willingham, D. T. (2007). CognitionL The thinking animal (3rd ed. ). top(prenominal) Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.Cognitive PsychologyPsychology has experienced many stages of development and gained momentum with many prominent psychologists attempting to map the human mind and explain the behaviors involved. These individuals have shaped the many theories of psychology and given insight to the vast complexity of the human mind in nearly all walks of life. Up until the 1960s psychology was dominated with behaviorism and gained popularity with findings by B. F Skinners rate maze (Bjork, 2010). B. F. Skinner believed that the mind was invisible and irrelevant to scientists.He believed that concerns should be focused on end results rather than internal processes. The incomplete analysis of human behavior sparked many questions giving rise the theories of cognitive psychology, which examine the internal processes, problem solving skills, memory and la nguage and the general mystery of how people think, remember, learn and behave (Boeree, 2006). This paper will examine four milestones in cognitive psychology and why the concepts of behaviorism cannot be ignored in the cognitive approach as it relates to human behavior. On the forefront of psychology as a scholarly study is Wilhelm Wundt.His foundation of a formal institution to study the many aspects of human behavior paved the way for the development of the many schools of thought in the field of psychology. His establishment of the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig separated psychology as a dedicated science field of study and as thus made the development of cognitive psychology possible. Though Wundt was studying the mind through a perspective considered structuralism, his model of studying the various aspects of the human mind, presented a model to be emulated by psychologists around the world.Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was interested in the growth of h uman cognitive capacities. Piaget explored how children grow and develop in their abilities to reason and think. His studies were focused on how a child would reach a certain conclusion rather than whether the reached conclusion was accurate. Piaget developed the four stage process of child development and laid out a pattern of how information flows differently during the brain development of humans. These stages are vital to the understanding of physical and mental limitations in the processing of data as it enters the brain.His model of child development serves as guidance for school curriculums and education modules (Huitt, 2003) Albert Bandura initially studied human behavior through the eyes of behaviorism, but realized that the mind absorbs information differently depending on the circumstances surrounding a person, and as such the processing is equally important as the information being fed. (Boeree, 2006). He is often considered the initiator of the cognitive movement, when his realization of the various factors contributing to the retention, processing and memory of information began to emerge in the expansion of studies in psychology (Boeree, 2006).The last noted contributor to the development of cognitive psychology was George Miller. His publication of The Lucky Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two illustrated the limitation of the human brain and its capacity to retain and process data (Miller, 1956). Miller points out the ability to retain a data set exceeding the value of seven becomes more challenging and the average human does not have the capacity to accurately process information in excess of seven. He illustrates this theory by tying it to the numerical representation of the number seven in significant events and happenings around the world.The seven seas, the seven deadly sins, the seven days of the week and the coincidental assignment of seven-digit phone numbers serve as related findings of astonishing fascination. The value of observations i n cognitive psychology can not be ignored due to the nature of cognitive psychology. It was founded on the basis of many schools of thought and as such it is the study of the mind, which functions based on external factors as well as internal happenings. Unlike a computer, which functions the same, regardless of how the information was entered, a human being will react and process the information differently.For instance, a computer will carry out a calculation in the same way, without regard to the emotional state the person enters the data. To a computer it is irrelevant how the person feels. A person will process information depending on the state he or she is in and this varying state of mind influences a persons ability to retain data, misinterpret instructions or react to situations. This can be evident in ability to focus on simple tasks when a person is in strenuous or emotionally charged situations.The observation of behavior in cognitive psychology will give clues on the e ffects of mental disposition prior to receiving data and the various outcomes. This approach sheds light on the dependence of behavior and attitude towards the ability to simply process data. Without consideration of other factors the field of cognitive science would be unreliable as the physical process of data as it enters the brain results in vastly different reaction in people. This difference can be attributed to personality, experience and other factors of the human mind.Cognitive psychology is a fairly new science, though the many branches have laid the foundation of it over the past centuries. The fascination of human behavior has taken many shape and forms and given birth to the many approaches of study. Cognitive psychology has accepted the challenge to not only look at the behavior or what causes it, but also how this determination is made in the human brain. This perspective of psychology can be challenging and as such, the study will continue for many years, as the obse rvation is not visible to the human eye.With the help of modern technology, the process of translating immeasurable data happening inside the human brain to evidential data in explaining the functions of thinking, reasoning, memory and retention has become vast and continues to inspire further interest in the exploration of the complex human mind. Boeree, George. (2006). Albert bandura. Retrieved from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/bandura. html Boeree, George. (2006). Jean piaget. Retrieved from http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html Bjork, Daniel. (2010). B. f. kinner (1904 1990) behavioral analysis, social service, educational reform. Retrieved from http//education. stateuniversity. com/pages/2421/Skinner-B-F-1904-1990. html Huitt, W. , &038 Hummel, J. (2003). Piagets theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http//www. edpsycinteractive. org/topics/cogsys/piaget. html Miller, George. (195 6). The Magical number seven, plus or minus two some limits on our capacity for processing information. Retrieved from http//www. musanim. com/miller1956/Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own discipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychology, which is only roughly 50 years old.Cognitive psychology expands upon other fields of psychology to further reveal why human beings act in the way they do. This paper will define cognitive psychology, explore key milestones in its development, and discuss the importance of observation as it relates to cognitive psychology. While human behavior has been observed since the beginnings of psychology, the different fields focused only on observable behaviors. In contrast to that, cognitive psychology is a perspective that looks at the mental processes involved with human intelligence and behavior.These processes include thinking, speaking, perceiving, memory, and problem-solving (Willingham, 2007). This field of psychology researches the unobservable nature of these processes, and uses abstract constructs to better understand these processes (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology has evolved from other fields of psychology, one of which is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a very popular field of study during the early part of the 20th century.Many well-known psychologists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner made their mark during this behaviorist revolution. The behaviorist movement was firmly rooted in the scientific method and relied heavily on the observable actions. While behaviorism was a useful tool in e xplaining behaviors based on instinct and drives, it had several large hold-ups in being useful for humans. First, most of the experiments were done using non-human animals such as Pavlovs dogs, which had no real usefulness in explaining the aspects of human intelligence.The second, and most destructive shortcoming for behaviorism, was that it did not observe, nor could it explain, human language, or intrinsic drives (Willingham, 2007). From these short comings, it became evident that parts of the human psyche had to be studied, which is where cognitive psychology began to form. However, this shortcoming has not been the only development to help cognitive psychology become what it is. The metaphor comparing the human mind to a computer was a big leap for cognitive psychology.It allowed new abstract ideas to formulate on how the human brain works like an information processing center (Willingham, 2007). The basic break down of this is sensory input gives way to processing, and from p rocessing a behavior is chosen and performed. This behavior could be internal or external dependant on what the input necessitates. For instance the computer currently being used to write this paper is receiving input from the keyboard. This information is translated as a bunch of zeroes and ones, which are then output to the monitor in the form of the letters being typed on the keyboard.Combine this metaphorical approach with the onset of technology, specifically neuroscience, and cognitive psychology continues to evolve. Neuroscience has tremendously helped cognitive psychology evolve. With the development of brain studying equipment such EEGs, CT scans, and MRIs cognitive psychologists, and scientists, are better able to understand how the brain is used in receiving input. A patient can be hooked up to one of these machines and be asked to perform a task, either physical or mental, and the brain patterns can be observed.While the direct process of the interaction between brain ce lls cannot be directly observed, the patterns can be. These observations can be used to determine if the inferences made by the observing cognitive specialist are accurate (Willingham, 2007). Observing how the brain reacts during these experiments can show links between the structure of the brain and the associated functions performed (Willingham, 2007). Even with technology playing a key role in cognitive psychology, behavioral observation does still play a key in cognitive psychology.Behavioral observation is still vital in cognitive psychology. This is because it has shown that two different people may develop different ways to solve similar problems. Through these observations it has been suggested that how people solve problems helps to develop new cognitive skills. Also, without observation, the only tests that can be run are thinking tests, which entails a large amount of logic being applied to the results (Willingham, 2007). Observing how different people handle different si tuations allows for generalization to not become a problem.The continued technology movement has fueled the cognitive psychology movement. Combing experiments with a machine that can view the brain functions while the behavior is also being observed has produced many new theories. This cognitive movement has been founded on the failures of the past, and is growing with the technology of the future. References Goodwin, J. C. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Willingham, D. T. (2007). CognitionL The thinking animal (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own di scipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychology, which is only roughly 50 years old.Cognitive psychology expands upon other fields of psychology to further reveal why human beings act in the way they do. This paper will define cognitive psychology, explore key milestones in its development, and discuss the importance of observation as it relates to cognitive psychology. While human behavior has been observed since the beginnings of psychology, the different fields focused only on observable behaviors. In contrast to that, cognitive psychology is a perspective that looks at the mental processes involved with human intelligence and behavior.These processes include thinking, speaking, perceiving, memory, and problem-solving (Willingham, 2007). This field of psychology researches the unobservable nature of these processes, and uses abstract constructs to better understand these proces ses (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology has evolved from other fields of psychology, one of which is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a very popular field of study during the early part of the 20th century.Many well-known psychologists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner made their mark during this behaviorist revolution. The behaviorist movement was firmly rooted in the scientific method and relied heavily on the observable actions. While behaviorism was a useful tool in explaining behaviors based on instinct and drives, it had several large hold-ups in being useful for humans. First, most of the experiments were done using non-human animals such as Pavlovs dogs, which had no real usefulness in explaining the aspects of human intelligence.The second, and most destructive shortcoming for behaviorism, was that it did not observe, nor could it explain, human language, or intrinsic drives (Willingham, 2007). From these short comings, it became evident that parts of the human psyche had t o be studied, which is where cognitive psychology began to form. However, this shortcoming has not been the only development to help cognitive psychology become what it is. The metaphor comparing the human mind to a computer was a big leap for cognitive psychology.It allowed new abstract ideas to formulate on how the human brain works like an information processing center (Willingham, 2007). The basic break down of this is sensory input gives way to processing, and from processing a behavior is chosen and performed. This behavior could be internal or external dependant on what the input necessitates. For instance the computer currently being used to write this paper is receiving input from the keyboard. This information is translated as a bunch of zeroes and ones, which are then output to the monitor in the form of the letters being typed on the keyboard.Combine this metaphorical approach with the onset of technology, specifically neuroscience, and cognitive psychology continues to evolve. Neuroscience has tremendously helped cognitive psychology evolve. With the development of brain studying equipment such EEGs, CT scans, and MRIs cognitive psychologists, and scientists, are better able to understand how the brain is used in receiving input. A patient can be hooked up to one of these machines and be asked to perform a task, either physical or mental, and the brain patterns can be observed.While the direct process of the interaction between brain cells cannot be directly observed, the patterns can be. These observations can be used to determine if the inferences made by the observing cognitive specialist are accurate (Willingham, 2007). Observing how the brain reacts during these experiments can show links between the structure of the brain and the associated functions performed (Willingham, 2007). Even with technology playing a key role in cognitive psychology, behavioral observation does still play a key in cognitive psychology.Behavioral observation is stil l vital in cognitive psychology. This is because it has shown that two different people may develop different ways to solve similar problems. Through these observations it has been suggested that how people solve problems helps to develop new cognitive skills. Also, without observation, the only tests that can be run are thinking tests, which entails a large amount of logic being applied to the results (Willingham, 2007). Observing how different people handle different situations allows for generalization to not become a problem.The continued technology movement has fueled the cognitive psychology movement. Combing experiments with a machine that can view the brain functions while the behavior is also being observed has produced many new theories. This cognitive movement has been founded on the failures of the past, and is growing with the technology of the future. References Goodwin, J. C. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Willingh am, D. T. (2007). CognitionL The thinking animal (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.

Academic excellence is the only way to success Essay

What is donnish honesty near? Is it how many marks we get? Or is it the heel of competitions we win? It is much more than that. We often say that getting mature marks is what academic excellence is about, but no it is the process of tuition we go through. From learning ABC in kindergarten we go to learning History, Science, math and more in higher grades. This process of academic excellence gives us the potential to be a good human being. It provides us with the robust base of knowledge we require to build our building of life. The process and excellence provides us with the skill to sculpt our life the way we want it to be, to cooperate us shape it and decide what we want in life. It teaches us to using up this skill and knowledge by pushing our limits further by workings hard in the direction of the goal. This hard work helps us to rise the stairs of success. The knowledge base, skill and hard work talk about our inner selves.Here comes the topic of our outer selves. Th e outer self is what we fork out to others around us. We improve it when we work as a team. Learning teamwork helps us achieve more as in our future the jobs we do search on teamwork. Working with others a increases our ethics as we interact with others and it as well as teaches us to communicate politely and properly, also the process of academics prepares us for the rivalrous life ahead. On completing this process the certificate of excellence or degree we get on completing our education. That degree is the first conceit we give to our interviewers on applying for a job. And in todays universe people who achieve academic excellence are respected and idolised. whatever may say that the great men of our like Bill render and Steve Jobs did not achieve academic excellence. But such examples we can add up on our fingers. Such people are one in a million. What about the rest of the world? The worldwide population is crossing 7 billion, what about those people? They would not be able to achieve anything in their lives without academic excellence. Concluding my debate here I fell that pedantic excellence is success in itself.

Conducting a management project Essay

incomingThe switch, as requested by the dispenser is to come up with the ways that my aggroup rear falsify much savings in the keep fellowship for the comp all and for their consume growth. This was because the company has non been making savings as they had targeted in the beginning of their channel year and the savings argon even out less as compared to the other financial years yet the company still appears to be run under the same principals. The mold is aimed at coming up with the research and recommendations for actions to be taken to manage and compound the situation at the company and write a suitable insure on this. The report written at the end of this research is departure to benefit the company in generating more moolah and the employees in self- knowledge. It is withal going to cultivate the civilization of squad work, innovation and entrepreneurial farming among the employees.Simply put, the benefits derived from hurtle guidance increase in prop ortion to how heartyhead go steady attention wait ones are used. A well -executed forcing out volition be completed on measure, within its ap turn out budget. A well-executed project ordain deliver luxuriouslyer product quality by managing the metre to design and test the naked product. It will provide smashing bliss to its aggroup, and it will meet (or exceed) the customers expectations. In todays business environment, it is particular that each project is run in the al roughly efficient bearing possible. For a project-oriented business, it is equ both in onlyy imperative that all projects are managed consistently, so that the benefits of well -executed projects extend corporate wide. The entropy that was used in this research was accumulate from the employees, customers and other stakeholders in the company.In preparation for the data collection, it is important to card that a diverse sample of the array companys employees is require in order to address th e breadth of the organizational structure and the plenteous range of roles and responsibilities of participants. Input to the list of question participants should be secured from the company sponsor, alone it  is the tax assessors function to challenge the sample to ensure it meets the involve of a balanced opinion.The assessor should recognize a tendency of most sponsors to provide participants who already are highly rated and sewer demonstrate high performance.  The participant pool require to include these participants, but not be limited to them. All divisions of the corporate structure should be represented, including functional and reinforcement departments. In selecting the hearing sample, the assessor should consider the population density of the innkeeper companys divisions, revenue generated by the divisions, project count or cost, or some(prenominal) other attributes.The total number of interviews to be posted essential be limited to a number that is appropriate for the size of the host company it is organizational structure and the time period in which the resume is required. These factors also drive the composition and size of the sagaciousness team.The methods used in the collection of data and information include use of questionnaires, observation, collecting samples, taking pictures, oral interviews, reading on put down materials. The process was not that aristocratical since it was hard to get some confidential information especially on the accounts records of the company and some of the employees felt like they were being spied on and did not give the precisely correct information. Also collecting information from my ripeneds proved to be a bit hard, but all in all the information and data required for the research was successfully corrected.In all the methods used face to face talk proved to be the outgo way to obtain information. Some of it advantages include A people -to-people appliance within a people orie nted business Project management is ultimately a people -oriented business that requires personal interactions by and amidst all of the project team members. Face-to-face interviewing extends this principle to maturity assessments. not only does the interview provide an interpersonal connection mingled with the interviewer and the interview participant, it allows the interviewer to begin to assess the people skills of the personnel assigned to manage projects at the defeat company.Interview participants who display grace and condor during the interview are more likely to carry those traits into their project teams, and are more likely to be open to the recommendations for change or improvement that will flow from the assessment study. Conversely, interview beats who are less cooperative or more fast-growing(a) during the interviews are less likely to readily adopt new suggestions. Reveals actual, as well as intended behaviours conducting face-to-face interviews allows the inter viewer/assessor to discover how the project team members at the subject company conduct their project business on a day-to-day basis. It is the only tool in the assessors toolbox that provides a means to evaluate the validity of several of the other tools, such as a review of policy manuals, or a project document search.Policy statements and procedures manuals provide guidance into how the subject company believes it should or wants to do work. By engaging project team members in open conversations, the interviewer hind end elicit comments that reveal, What we really do vs. what we mean we do or what we are supposed to do? Additionally, by discussing various types of project reports with the people who write them, or use them, the assessor can gain insight into the value placed on each report. A simple document review, while important, can only indicate that a report exists, not that it is a valued tool, used by the project team to help control their projects, or by management to supervise progress. Provides opportunity to observe the corporate culture of the subject company.Corporate culture creates different patterns of behaviour at different companies that can have a significant impact on the outcomes of projects. The degree of openness to hearing and dealings with project issues, demonstrating appreciation for project successes, and the amount of information sharing between functional groups working on a project all hand to the ultimate success of a project. All companies probably would respond affirmatively to possessing these traits not all companies truly demonstrate these traits positively. During one-on-one conversations with working- level project team members, the assessor can learn how well the subject company responds to project information, or how often it shoots the messenger.Difficulties associated with face-to-face interviews wish to establish credibility of assessors As an outsider, the assessment team will often encounter a Who-are -y ou-and-why-should -I-give-you-any-of- my time? reluctance to participate amongst the project management community at the subject company. This attitude can stem from two full general sources a general distrust of consultants and managements motives for hiring them or insufficient information to the highest degree the assessors credentials. Neither of these difficulties is insurmountable, but neither can be ignored. And both can be addressed initially by a carefully worded intimacyability from the assessments sponsor within the host company.The sponsor for the assessment necessarily must possess sufficient status within his/her own organization to approve, or be able to solicit approval for the backup needed to conduct the assessment study. This status can be leveraged to go the credentials of the assessment team to the host organization. The assessors must be introduced to the project management community in terms that readily establish the expertness and experience of the ass essment team with this type of work. This also implies that the assessment team must be comprised of, or, at the least, be led by experienced, senior project managers, whose personal credentials will inspire confidence in the interview participants. Need to secure cooperation of interview participants.The assessor also needs to recognize that many people within the host companys project management organization(s) will not view the assessment in an entirely positive light. Although the study is intended to be a continuous-improvement effort, it may still be perceived to stem from something being wrong, or judged to be not good enough. The outside assessor could be viewed as vigilances vigilante enforcer, coming in to identify and punish the under-achievers in project management. The assessor must defuse this impression, a task that can best be done if the assessor knows where the host companys sore spots exist and why the host company has select to conduct the assessment. Here aga in, the status of the assessment sponsor can be of great help in overcoming the reluctance of the interview participants.The sponsors introduction of the assessment team can be used to constituent the rationale for the study and remove much of the apprehension that could surround it. Need to prepare thoroughly. During each interview, it will be beneficial to allow conversation to flow in a freewheeling manner, rather than following a rigid, checklist question and answer. For this to work, the assessor/interviewer must be adequately prepared to conduct the interview. The assessor must know the assessment model in great detail, and be able to detect different levels of maturity for each knowledge area, regard less of whether or not the interview respondent uses insure phrases and key words from the model in his/her comments. It is the assessors office to be able to take appropriate notes during the interview without disrupting the flow of the interview by having to shuffle papers o r stumble from one discipline to the next.The assessment team can help prepare for the interviews by constructing an calorie-free -to-use interview form that guides them through the different areas, and offers reminders of key phrases to listen for. By creating the form, the team members will increase their familiarity with it, and find it more beneficial as a guide. Additionally, by constructing their own form, the assessment team members will establish themselves the opportunity to reacquaint themselves with the details of the assessment model.Compiling, synthesizing, and evaluating the information from all interviews. detail data from individual interviews can be compiled if a set of commonalty questions, with a short range of possible answers, is used for all interviews. In this circumstance, it is recommended that a set of standard analytical measures are identified front to the interview phase, but it should not be assumed that these standard measures will adequately addr ess the entire information content collected.The synthesis of the information is a process that requires the individual assessors to subjectively analyse the comments they heard and recorded during the interviews and identify common themes and touch- channelises along the maturity continuum. The assessors must then gather to yield consistent interpretation of the interview and confirm that the data self-possessed is appropriate for further evaluation. The assessors must collectively review the compiled data, interrogate it for trends and errors, and mildew whether trends identified warrant further analysis.From the information gathered in data collection, many things can be realised there is no gauzy audit of the books of accounts in the company, the employees are taking bribes from the customers in return for unofficial favours, the employees are very relaxed in their work and lack motivation, the board members are conduction the staffing process in a questionable manner, the employees were taking superfluous and expensive trips at the expense of the company, the directors have very high inexcusable allowances, the taxes due to the government are not fully settled and the boilersuit running of the firm is questionable.The things that need to be done urgently to make sure that the company is saved from being bankrupt and that it gives some profits are there should be an immediate external audit of all the books of accounts in the firm, the recruitment and staffing in the firm should be done on the basis of qualification and therefore there should be a vetting process to eliminate all those who are there illegally, all the directors should be vetted and those raise to be corrupt should be retrenched, the company should have a new board of directors, all the employees should sign a performance contract which should be followed strictly.Conclusions the use of face-to-face interviews in Project Management Maturity Assessments has proven to contribute most and convey the project management actualities within any host organization. If executed correctly, the face-to- face interview will yield most insight into the host organizations current maturity and point to pockets of excellence as well as areas requiring correction. Although it is not recommended that an assessment be conducted using only face-to-face interviews, it is strongly recommended that a face-to-face interview always be included in an assessment.ReferencesDove, K. E. (2002). Conducting a successful development services program A comprehensive guide and resource. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.Fernald environmental Management Project (U.S.), United States., United States., United States., Lippitt, J. M., & Kolthoff, K. (1995). fortunate completion of a RCRA closure for the Fernald Environmental Management Project. Washington, D.C United States. Dept. of Energy.Thomsett, M. C. (2002). The infinitesimal black book of project management. freshly York AMACOM.T jahjana, L., Dwyer, P., & Habib, M. (2009). The program management office advantage A powerful and centralized way for organizations to manage projects. New York American Management Association.Weir, J. R. (2009). Conducting prescribed fires A comprehensive manual. College space Texas A & M University Press.Wysocki, R. K., Beck, R., & Crane, D. B. (2000). Effective project management. New York Wiley.

Characteristics of the effective counselor Essay

I d like to ac admitledge the wonderful admirer that I received from one of the finest professors at Liberty University Online. I am very grateful to you, Dr. McCarthy, who provided me with the much mandatory suggested improvements and gave me the marionettes to complete this search paper.Thanks AbstractThe characteristics that make up an efficacious counselor are the individualizedity traits that really define the counselor. Several leading in the field of counseling have listed many of these personality qualities self-importance confidence, high energy train, optimistic, sense of humor, neutrality, flexibility, emotional stability, risk-taking love, analytic thinking, creativity, enthusiasm, honesty, sensitivity, hope, self control, cognisance, and knowledge. The research compiled in this paper confirm that its the richness of the personality that builds the long suit of the counselor. Being an rough-and-ready counselor requires forming not exclusively a solidness kindred with your lymph gland, but an emotional experience, where the counselor works with the client in a supportive use of goods and services to recognize and move through challenges as the goals are achieved.Its the counselors and not the psycho healers that must allow an emotional h group Aer and empathetic responses to their clients issues. Overall, the most important personality qualities in any legal counselor seem to center on warmth, genuineness, gentleness and empathy. These are the traits that will be addressed the most in this paper. These four traits seem to provide the purest motivation and seemingly guide the direction of the moral compass within the most effective counselors. The biggest obstacle is identifying how to increase these saint qualities in oneself as a counselor. The answer seems to lie in a consistent everyday coiffure of mind-body-medicine and self-care.Characteristics of the Effective CounselorOverall its the relationship that influences the sanative outcome and its the counselors personality and character that determine the depth and effectiveness of the therapeutic alliance with the client. Counselors that know themselves benefit their clients the most the single most important factor in effective counseling is the person-hood of the counselor, regardless of education, training, theoretical orientation, or counseling technique. (as cited by Clinton, 2002).The personality and character of the counselor is the single most important variable, much important than the therapeutic techniques applied. Effective counselors possess a myriad of personal qualities that transcend their theoretical orientation and therapeutic techniques (Clinton, 2002, p. 185). In order to dress the best personhood, or personality of an effective counselor, the issue of identifying what these attractive characteristics or qualities are and how to increase and expand upon them bring into universes paramount. The combination of qualitative and quantitative measurement tools reflects the overall measure of effectiveness of a counselor.BodyEffective CharacteristicsThe continent works of Carl Rogers (1957) identified the need for presence, congruence, empathetic understanding and unconditional substantiative regard. Above all, he postulated the importance of congruence by heart of compliance between imagel self and actual self in his personality theory.The third condition is that the healer should be, within the confines of this relationship, a congruent, genuine, integrated person. It means that within the relationship he is freely and late himself, with his actual experience accurately represented by his awareness of himself. It is the confrontation of presenting a facade, either knowingly of unknowingly (Rogers, 1957, p. 97).The idea is to bridge the gaps in all directions, to include the therapeutic alliance gaps that separate the counselor from the client. The idea is to remove all disconnect and just experienc e each(prenominal) experience as a true and authentic experience, without judgment and without preconceptions. Present secondment awareness requires the therapist to take note of the elements that make up each experience, much(prenominal) as sensations, thoughts and feelings. Acknowledgment of these experiences without feeling the need to react or fix anything is faultfinding.The Golden tripletThe Golden Triad, or therapeutic one-third, is one invaluable concept of effective counseling characteristics and lays down a solid benchmark for counselors to emulate and implement. The Golden Triad consists of the high display of warmth, genuineness, and empathy that effective counselors exude with their clients. The therapists persuasiveness, level of concern, understanding, support and encouragement all impact the results of the therapy with the client.Its not just therapists ability to foster a positive relationship with the client, but specific needs and expectations for impro vement must be met for the client (Clinton, 2002, p. 185). Frequently, genuine responses require more self-reflection and mindful attention. Self-reflection promotes awareness of feelings and knowing the beguile moment to convey them to a client.Cultivating Empathy and CompassionThe majority of counselors who ascribe to the value of holistic humanistic or existential approaches are less presumable to avoid experiencing compassion and empathy as they enter and experience their clients creationview, so that they so-and-so become vulnerable and understand how he/she experiences their world (Bowen & adenylic acid Moore, 2014, p. 18). Although the ability to be vulnerable with clients can yield some(prenominal) negative effects such as compassion fatigue or positive effects such as compassion satisfaction, its critical that the qualities of compassion and empathy are made readily available to the client in a balanced and careful manner. Being in a bring up of heedfulness helps to produce more balanced responses of empathy and compassion, without minimizing therapeutic presence (Campbell & Christopher, 2012, pg. 221).In order to help cultivate the many beneficial characteristics of an effective counselor, such as compassion and empathy, certain practices should be implemented daily. Mind-body practices such as Yoga, Mediation, Qi Gong, etc. bring awareness and acceptation and help to foster a therapeutic and empathetic presence. The ability for a therapist to be present enhances the therapeutic relationship and promotes healing. The mindfulness presence increases the awareness and acceptance of their own inner experience as well as for the experience of the client (Campbell, 2012, pg. 222).Awareness and AcceptanceThis combination of awareness and acceptance seem to encourage less reactive behavior, by nonreactively recognizing thoughts, emotions and sensations as they arise. This practice also helps to communicate experiences and to be more present t o their clients inner experiences and sufferings in the same moment-to-moment awareness, which additionally helps clients express their body sensations and feelings. mindfulness practicing therapists learn how to take their minds less seriously and not feel as though they needed to do something when feelings such as anxiety emerge. These mindfulness practicing therapists could also main(prenominal)tain a therapeutic connection with their client and become less reactive to their struggling clients experiences, rather than espial their own inadequacy and need to be in control (Campbell, 2012, pg. 221).The counselors freely chose if or how they were to respond to counter-transference. One choice is by acting as observers and just notice without judgment and without trying to suppress reactions to what was happening in the present moment. This mindfulness seems connected to an ability to tolerate silence and bide through it, allowing new experiences to emerge and genuine encounters to occur. This mindfulness presence allows clients to scram to experience their therapist as individual witness in the thick of their own vulnerability (Campbell, 2012, pg. 223).The Essence of Therapeutic PresenceAccording to Rogers, iii components exist in attempting to capture the essence of therapeutic presence being fan out and available to all aspects of the clients experience, being open to ones own experience in being with the client, and having the cleverness to respond to the client from the experience. This therapeutic presence is more of a state of being rather than of doing and the beneficial influence of mindfulness extends to all participants in the therapeutic relationship (Rogers, 1957, p. 98-99). Two elements related to to therapeutic presence that deserve repeating are attention and empathy, which have been shown to increase through mindfulness practice.Many practitioners of mindfulness report increases not only in attention and empathy, but in awareness, patience, focus, compassion, responsiveness, the ability to handle strong emotions, and less defensive, faultfinding(prenominal) and reactive. (Campbell, 2012, pg. 213) One last concept to point out is that being in present moment awareness with the client occurs on four main levels spiritually, emotionally, physically and cognitively and requires a deep knowledge of oneself, which can usually be attained through a consistent life-long commitment of combine a daily exercise routine of mindfulness practices into a demanding schedule. These daily practices may not only induce relaxation states, but can pro launchly alter our relationship to ourselves and our minds (Campbell, 2012, pg. 217).ConclusionTo summarize, the most important tool that an effective counselor has is themselves. The characteristics of an effective counselor are directly related to the counselors personality and client relationship. Some key personality traits of an effective counselor are compassion, empathy, a wareness, acceptance, warmth, genuineness as well as a congruent and fully integrated individual. One of the most effective approaches in which counselors can cultivate and nurture those qualities can be found in a daily mindfulness practice, which helps to maintain a more solid moment-to-moment awareness as the client experiences the world and the counselor maintains the role of present, nonjudgmental witness. With a consistent and daily practice of mindfulness exercises, the therapist begins to live more in the moment and less in a reactive state. By working continuously towards self-mastery and self-actualization, counselors can provide the therapeutic presence that positively impacts their clients growth and well-being.ReferencesBowen, N., & Moore, J. (2014). Common Characteristics of CompassionateCounselors A Qualitative Study. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36(1), 17-29. Clinton, Timothy, and George Ohlschlager. Competent Christian Counseling. Vol . 1. atomic number 27 Springs Waterbrook, 2002. 184-186, 570-574. Print. Campbell, J. C., & Christopher, J. C. (2012, July). Teaching mindfulness to create effective counselors. Journal of kind Health Counseling, 34(3), 213+. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA297915507&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=dc53ce42d985ee78066b8600c33ca82c Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21,95-103. doi10.1037/h0045357

Commentary on Ten Trillion and Counting

Commentary on Ten one thousand thousand and Counting The video is a well demonstration of debt issues that the U. S. government faces. It starts with the tough economic condition that Obama acquire from Bush. Then, it talks about Bushs centerpiece economic agenda cut taxes, as well as the way Bush of all time institutionalize politics ahead of economics. After a serious of expenses connect to two big wars two enormous tax cuts and a descriptor of new entitlement program signed by Bush had been spent, the economic began to go down.He non only squandered the entire work out surplus he had inherited, but started to confronting a stubborn fadeout and a steadily escalating bud endure dearth. Next, the video shows the bitterly partisan fight over Obamas expensive economic recovery computer programme. The Republi apprizes worried about if the plan goes well, they entrust get no credits for anything they make done. So they strongly disagree with this coarse amount of recovery exp enses. The main issue regarding of this plan is about straighten out healthc ar in order to hold open money in the spacious run.However, it is difficult to persuade interest groups and politicians who have been battling over healthcare for a long time. Besides, it is especially tough to talk to Americans about the government are going to spend less on benefits in a recession time. In the end, this video talks about Obamas budget, and the rigorous debt famine condition that the U. S. is going through. The reason I think the Ten Trillion and Counting is a well explanation of the debt deficit is because I in condition(p) a lot from this video. Before I watched this video I have no idea about the serious debt deficit problem that the U.S. is lining right now. The only thing I realized from my personal take in is that the U. S. government has relaxed the policy regarding to the threshold of international student. Several years ago, it is not easy for Chinese student to go abroad. Which reflects that the U. S. government genuinely wants to make up the parsimony by increase more demand. International student is a good resource of money. Another interesting thing I set up in my daily life is that not only numerous retailers put advertisement like buy 2 get 2 free, several(prenominal)(prenominal) luxury brand starts to go on sale as well.It is seldom to see decades ago for a brand like Burberry put procession in front of its showcase. From this perspective, peoples buying power has narrowd sharply. Which results in less investments and staffs cut-off made by companies. In addition, a really serious recession was already happened. The stock market collapse, the banking system is imploded. Although bind borrowing from foreign countries is a way to buffer these problems, it is not a permanent way to solve the economy. So the U. S.Government inescapably to take some actions to decrease debt deficit. According to the video, there are two ways to reduce defi cit, either by higher taxes or lower benefits. Today, forty part of budget pays for Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. However, the first baby boomer is getting retired to begin with and they are claiming early retirement for social security. Moreover, as they grow order, they will make claims on Medicare. The U. S. government cannot afford these promises made before, especially in this kind of terrible economic downturn conditions.The Obamas administration tries to exploit deficit down by reforming healthcare in order to save money in the long run. In my opinion, the recovery plan needs to have a try. As Obama said the most important things we can do for our budget crisis right now is to make sure the economy does not continue to tank. And that is why passing the economic recovery plan is the right thing to do. Even though it is expensive. In the short run, the debt deficit may tend to be bigger than Bushs time. tho after the healthcare has been taken, the economy will b enefits in the long run.

1st Merit List Bs English Uog

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat Campus Department computer program S Serial No. Form No. English language (02) BS (15) Applicant tuition Marks (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 00066 00048 00053 00085 00043 00038 2-310 00015 00062 00031 00050 00019 00040 00034 00044 00046 00051 00026 00001 00020 10005 07560 10862 15496 03676 03915 07220 00072 03577 15509 16023 06683 12333 10969 13602 07927 18530 11985 10409 03302 06529 13930Mahmoor Ghani Sheikh D/o Ziad Ghani Sheikh Wajeeha Khawar D/o Khawar Mumtaz Malik Ayesha Zahoor D/o Zahoor Ahmad Maria Fayaz Malik D/o M Fayaz ul Haq Awan Zainab Amjed D/o Amjed Shah Hajab Binte Fayyaz D/o Fayyaz Ahmad Cheem Farwa Arooj D/o Muhammad Sharif Afifa Khalid D/o Khalid Iqbal Tooba Pervaiz D/o Pervaiz Ahmad Ifra Azmat D/o Muhammad Azmat Maryam Tariq D/o Tariq Mehmood Ayesha Zahid D/o Zahid Pervaiz Rafia Ejaz D/o Ejaz Ahmad Ruhma Ahmad D/o Sher Ahmad Tayyaba Jamil D/o Jamil Anjum Junaid Zaman S/o M Iqbal Farah Na sim D/o Muhammad Nasim Ch.Muhammad Tayyab Shehzad S/o Shafqat Ullah Atif Zia S/o Zia Ullah Noorul-Ain Liaquat D/o Liaquat Ali Humaira Chaudhry D/o Bashir Ahmed 75. 66 73. 86 72. 24 68. 94 68. 91 68. 61 67. 63 67. 49 66. 76 66. 54 66. 45 66. 17 65. 96 65. 78 65. 65 64. 85 64. 70 64. 69 64. 67 64. 25 63. 98 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) foliate 1 of 3 13 October, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat CampusDepartment architectural plan S Serial No. Form No. English talking to (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 00003 00312 00068 00086 00055 00314 00047 00097 00037 00056 00096 00087 00313 00089 00033 00071 00016 00072 00017 00067 00059 07432 72356 16799 19225 18019 72358 10584 01747 13736 18058 18612 29332 72357 13212 13459 19452 03559 15971 15468 17707 17068Badar Zaman S/o Muhammad Zaman Zara Yousaf D/o Dr Muhammad Yousaf Saniha Khalid D/o Khalid Pervaiz Muhammad Arnan Ali S/o Sharafat Ali Muhammad Usman Gohar S/o Muhammad Ramzan Haroona Mahtab D/o Zafar Iqbal Bisma Mushtaq D/o Mushtaq Ahmed Ranjha Alina Muzafar D/o Muzafar Hussain Maria Kokab D/o Mushtaq Ahmad Khushbakht Shoaib D/o Muhammad Shoaib Khawaja Faiqa Andleeb D/o Zafar Iqbal M Omer Javaid S/o Ansar Javaid Aqsa Ehsan ul Haq D/o Ahsan ul Haq Ammara Ansar D/o Ansar Hayat Muhammad Hamed S/o Abdul Majid Farwa Tahira D/o Ali Asghar Saba Inam D/o Inam Ullah Khan Zainab Imtiaz Warrich D/o Imtiaz Khalid Warrich Tasmia Younas D/o Muhammad Younas Abdullah Amjad S/o Amjad Mahmood Shafaq Khalid D/o Khalid Mehmood Butt 63. 74 63. 41 63. 23 62. 58 62. 34 61. 83 61. 49 60. 81 60. 38 60. 32 60. 01 59. 67 59. 19 59. 17 59. 13 58. 93 58. 89 58. 82 58. 52 58. 40 58. 30 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 2 of 3 13 October, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat Campus Department program S Serial No. Form No. English nomenclature (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 00035 00095 00069 00088 00032 00027 00064 00094 00065 00073 00018 00090 00052 00049 00060 11833 21798 11178 20608 15219 15458 19561 21725 13763 19511 03783 16770 03557 16063 13499Sidra Qayyom D/o Abdul Qayyom Mehak Wasim D/o Babar Wasim Ather Syeda Zubaria Aqeel D/o Syed Aqeel Abbas M Saqlain Mukhtar S/o Mukhtar Ahmed Saba Nayab D/o Arshad Mahmood Hira Ahsan D/o Muhammad Ahsan Anum Nawaz D/o Muhammmad Nawaz Zunaira ch D/o Ch Salahuddin Syeda Samreen Jaffari D/o Syed Khaliq u Zaman Jaffari Saba Arshad D/o Muhammmad Arshad Ayesha Imtiaz D/o Muhammad Imtiaz Mughal Syeda Rizwana Sajad D/o Sajad Hussain Shah Sidra Naveed D/o Naveed Aslam Saba Asghar Paswal D/o M Asghar Paswal Shama Sahar D/o Riaz Ahmad 58. 19 57. 56 56. 69 56. 40 55. 99 55. 58 55. 46 55. 28 55. 25 54. 82 54. 71 53. 42 51. 68 51. 40 50. 52 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 3 of 3 13 October, 2011