David Hume’s Treatment of Mind Essay -- Philosophy Papers

This paper critically examines Humes design against the knowledge/existence of substantival mind. This denial is rooted in his epistemology which includes a theory of how complex ideas which lack corresponding impressions ar manufactured by the imagination, in conjunction with the memory, on the basis of three relations among impressions resemblance, continuity and constant conjunction. The crux of the matter of my critique consists in pointing out that these relations are such that only an enduring, unified agent could interact with them in the way Hume describes. I note that Hume attempts to give up such an agent by invoking the activities of imagination and memory, save that it is unclear where these belong in his system. After discussing the relevant possibilities, I conclude that there is no folk within the limits of his system that can accommodate the faculties and allow them to do the work Hume assigned to them. I then note that Humes rejection of substantival mind rests upon the conjecture that something like substantival mind exists for the action of the latter is required for the proper functioning of the process of fabrication which creates the fictitious notion of substantival mind. My concluding argument is that if the existence of substantival mind is implicit in Humes argument against substantival mind, then his argument resembles an indirect proof, and ought to be considered as evidence for, kind of than against, the existence of substantival mind. It is well known that David Hume rejected any idea of a substance of the mind that would account for, among other things, personal identity. I will attempt to project that Humes argument against the existence of substantival mind presupposes that such an entity actually ... ...ated into complex by chance, should at the level of impressions have recourse to no other agent. wholeness is inclined to wonder why Hume thought it impossible that ideas should be constantly associated by chance into the same ordered pattern that we apprehend in experience, but that it is not impossible for impressions to be thus associated. (15) Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, i. iv. v.(16) Ibid., i. iv. v. Humes maxim all that is distinct is separable and the outright neglect, in both Locke and Hume, of the modal distinction are points that cry out for criticism. However, as the thrust of this paper is limited, these will have to be covered more thoroughly elsewhere.(17) Ibid., i. iv. vi.(18) Ibid., i.iv.vi.(19) Ibid., i. iv. v.(20) Ibid., i. i. iv. cf. note xi.(21) Copleston, Frederick, S.J. A explanation of Philosophy, Vol. VIII, p.120.

Employers Essay

What should Paul do to determine how Plastec compares with former(a) area employers in terms of wages and benefits? When determining how Plastec compares with other area employers in terms of wages and benefits, Paul should first find extinct what his organizations philosophies, strategies, and approaches are to the compensation system followed by an in depth analysis of w present his organization is positioned in the labor market. Our text mentions three compensation quartile strategies in which employers can position themselves, first there is the minimum or the first quartile which is below market strategy.In the first quartile, you will find employers who are experiencing a shortage of funds and just cannot afford to pay their employers much money. Generally, great deals of illegal immigrants are hired in organizations positioned at this level because of their desire to work in the United States. In the first quartile, employer positions pay scales so that 75% of other firms pa y above and 25% pay below. The median or the second quartile is considered the safe zone for employers.Most employers choose to position themselves here because it balances the employer cost pressures and the need to attract and retain existing employers. Lastly, the maximum or third quartile leads the market. In the third quartile, employers are able to attract and retain qualified workers who are fully qualified. Employers at this level are able to be more selective as to who they hire as well. Paul should find out which quartile his organization currently falls in and decide if that is where they should remain for the better good of the organization and the employees (Mathis & Jackson 2008).

Patient Education

Psychosocial Factors and affected role role Education 09 Oct 11 Zahava Ohana Homework Week Two (1) Give examples of psychosocial factors that reckon the wellness care original and the effect those factors could have on the unhurried education Patients background. For example, that patient came from a background that does not trust on any medicines. They go to a voodoo impact for some spiritual interventions and they are content on that. Because they are not too well educated or maybe it is their first eon be seen in a medical treatment facility.This is will leave a lot of patience on the patient care professional and have mood of approach how to convince that patient to be compliant by gathering more information on why this patient dont believe in taking medications. (2) Give examples of psychosocial factors that affect the patient and the effect those factors could have on patient education I only have an example of psychosocial factors that affect the patient and the effec t those factors on patient education are his or her previous experiences. For example, this patient had been treated horribly on his past visit for PTSD.We sleep with this kind of problem or disorder is very important. Especi in ally to a military that were blown up. This type of patients needs extra answerance and a careful note taking. Guiding him to the right person and continuously reinforced by a replete(p) patient education. By showing them, you care and always ready for them. This will make his previous experiences is outdated. Because, you took the time and showing the patient by justifying the necessary things that he will be going during his neighboring visits. (3) Explain what is meant by personality styles and give examples of approaches that could be used to help the patient.Include self-perfection as a factor This is the patients or individual lifetime fingermark or history. Since childbirth, every human being is already being mold in types of personality styles. One is introvert or extrovert. One is made by thinking and the other is feeling. Example a Marine that has a high pain tolerance. When he presents himself at sickbay, he seems fine and not distressed. Because through his time he learned how to block the pain and keep going. This approach will be tough at times because he tell you the only spring he came to sickbay is my boss ordered me to seek medical help.This is so common in the military not showing the true self because the affliction of not an option. A good subjective note will determine on how bad his injury is. After his medical examination a good concise and list of things on how to take medication he was prescribe, a physical therapy appointments that need to be present on all his appointments. In addition, communicate his superiors regarding his conditions. (4) List the steps in adjustment to illness and how the patient copes with each of the steps Denial is one of the steps in adjustments to illness.For instance, a pa tient was diagnosed with lung ratcer. That patient will go to all the stages first will be denial, this cant be, next will be anger, why this happened to me now, bargain is next, I will be a good person and hope this cancer goes away, next is depression, that patient will stop caring and get going one is acceptance, he is ready and understand why it happened. This step depends on how the patient will cope on this step. He can go not bad(p) acceptance. It is very hard to understand denials.Compensatory strategies for example a patient is so good in playing sports like basketball after an un typesetters caseful tragedy the patient was injured and ended up his basketball career. Nevertheless, his passion in basketball he ended using his talent by coaching five-year-old kids to be a good player. This is how he copes by helping and sharing all his ideas and skills on how to be the best and dominant individual in the court. (5) explain the health professionals role in teaching the p atient at different life stages The health professionals role in teaching at different life stages is very challenging and rewarding.It should be approach on patients level not at health professional. Patients are not taught all the fancy medical terminologies. However, we are taught these terminologies to apply it in our notes. The patient relays to you the problem and the health professional translate to our medical notes and stupefy it to the medical providers. It should not matter if we are dealing with a toddler or a geriatric. Because it how the health professional handles and delivers. All stages should be treated the same. Patient education will be taught or relay to the patient in trusting and clear instructions and always have a time of asking. each the patient ask the health professional ask first the questions or you ask the question if there is a need of clarification. This is what I have been doing when I approach a patient. I get on my knees or sit right next to them . Asking the pertinent questions and before they leave the medical facility. I proudly and confident ask if they need some assistance in getting to their car or escorting them to their love ones and If the patient is able enough I explained to the patient all the important things along with their relatives. 6) define the role of the family in patient education The role of the family in patient education plays a major(ip) part. As we all know family support systems is either good or bad. Sometimes, a decision of a family member can result to a life-altering event towards patients recovery or vice versa. This also includes their beliefs if they need to continue to support what the health professional instructions or just go with belief not seek further medical treatment because it is not their belief or they are fully convinced by the health professionals patient education.Nevertheless, if a family supports and follows the instructions from the health professional it lessens our burde n or task in hand. Because we have these supporting group that is willingly to assist you especially when saw your confidence, trust and motivation. (7) How might the family influence the compliance of the patient and what measures can the health care professional use in communication with the family The family can influence the patient compliance in many ways. The eagerness of the family in helping their sick love ones to the path of recovery.Because the family believes the health professionals score was clear and open of all question and suggestion. The best measure use in the communication is one on one with the patients family. Explaining to them all the procedures, what to expect after the procedures, the medications that will be prescribe to the patient and how to assist the patient in daylight-to-day task. Following it up by appointments and reminding them a day prior of the follow up appointments. Psychosocial factors and patient education will always come in hand to hand. It is how the health professional approach a patient in different stages. Adaptable and overcome. This is what I was been taught and learned when I was in military for 20 years. Always on the ready to any things that comes to you. References 1) school text Falvo, Chapters 4 6 2) Module Two Lecture Two 3) Eberle, C. (n. d. ) Illness behavior in the elderly. University of Nebraska Medical Center. Retrieved July 5, 2007, from http// webmedia. unmc. edu/intmed/geriatrics/lectures/ill_behv2_03_files/outline. htm

Aid to Dependent Corporations-The Big Rip-Off

This hold displays the double standard that the United States government lives by. Multi-billion dollar companies ar given the world for free and the taxpayers pick up the bill.I can non even believe my eyes. I knew that our government was screwed up, but I had no clue how bad things really were. I will list the most appalling infractions below and give a brief commentary.First, Mr. J.R. Simplot of Grandview, Idaho is handed grazing rights on federal lands for a whopping sumof $87,000 dollars. This is one quarter of the rate supercharged by private landowners. Lets line up the private business sector and chop off their collective legs. The difference between the going rate and what he paid would redeem covered the welfare lives for 60 families. What is wrong with this picture?Second, the Federal Office of Management and budget, (OMB) estimates that wealthfare tax credits, deductions, and exemptions called tax expenditures will cost $440 billion dollars in 1996. Does anyone remem ber the national debt? Imagine even cutting the breaks in half, that would be an extra $220 billion dollars that could actually pay for a mighty computer in my childrens classroom. What a novel idea. How about giving near of this free money to build safe, subsidized housing for single women? not every company in the United States can move to Mexico if they feel that they are not getting the monetary breaks they deserve.Lastly, lets look at McSubsidies. I have neer read something more absurd in my life. $110 million dollars a year goes directly to companies that advertise abroad. Such recipients of this money are Sunkist, McDonalds, and M+M/Mars. Well I guess the government wants the rest of the world to get indigestion from eating chicken McNuggets too. After all, if they give perks for foreign advertising, some poor guy in Europe may eat some McNuggets. But I doubt it. This is a complete joke.I may never have disagreed with something more in my life. Major monetary breaks for bi llion dollar companies, free millions for advertising McMuffins in New Zealand, and tax breaks for the rich when our city streets are filled with homeless families.I can understand some consideration given to companies that are helping to substantially fuel our economy, But charismatic Mr. Simplot does not deserve to be using federal land (that was probably stolen from the Indian s anyway) for nothing in return.I find it very entertaining perceive politicians saying, We must reduce the deficit. Taxes may be raised again. when they could actually charge appropriate prices for services rendered by our great country. I hope our next article is more positive and uplifting. It sure would be nice to read about some good happening in the world.

Graduate Employability Essay

When we say Graduate Employability, the first thought that comes to mind is the definition of employability. Various definitions have been written, and rewritten. They atomic number 18 all correct, but not quite complete. Reason being, the perspectives on employability ar dynamic, while the norms in education run according to the knowledge curriculum, which may likewise be dynamic in most cases, but runs on a pre set pattern- one good dealnot jump the queue. Often, in that respect has been a gap between mark based skills acquired during high education, and generic skills which are increasingly regarded as an essential input for employability.This gives rise to this perennial debate about have employability and reveals issues in higher education. As David Hind and Stewart Moss (in their book, Employability Skills, published in early 2005) seem to suggest. written, verbal, communication, presentation skills etc enhance the employability of an individual or graduate looking for a job. Having skills and putting them to live is the starting point of employability- by how overmuch an individual succeeds in this effort determines his level of achievement. Employability is an ongoing process- and it does not begin or end with a graduate getting his first job.Britain has been in the forefront of this ongoing debate. While skills and knowledge have been the twin constituents of employability always, it remains to be decided which one is the critical designate and what is the optimum mix. Professor Mantz Yorke takes the view that employability is complex and goes well beyond the notion of key skills- it takes into account a mix of personal qualities and beliefs, understandings, skilful practices and the ability to ring productively on experience (Learning and Employability Series, the study on Employability in high Education- what is and what is not)Then we come to the issues in higher education impacting graduate employability. Higher Education Funding Coun cil for England conducted a study on graduate employability way back in 2003 and found that work experience during material bodys appears to be a super positive influence on employability. The reason is simple- while on the job, the student gets an opportunity to use his academic knowledge in realtime scenario- that too under remnant supervision and tutorial guidance. The ownership is high because the results are linked to the students performance.The intrapersonal skill sets are fine tuned and behavioural skills are further honed to provide the student with tools to reach a given task or project. When later, as a graduate he or she looks for employment , there is far more clarity on the demands of the job and his/her ability to match up- so wrong decisions are averted. It results in well matched expectations from both sides- the employer and the employee. Competencies being different for different job roles, it just gets that much much simpler to know what one is good at, and w hat one should be looking for.Another point highlighted in the study by HEFCE says that employer involvement in course design and delivery is positively associated with the quality of initial employment found by graduates. This way, the employers expectations are stated explicitly, and the curriculum tweaked to accommodate the expectations. Sufficient to say, that while there is already a whole lot being put one overe at the graduation level, to turn out complete, capable and well balanced individuals, more can be done to enhance employability.The times are changing, so are the needs and expectations of students and Corporates. The efficacy of a sound education system gets established if the alumni are successful in their calling. This focussed group discussion is meant to establish the relationship between schooling and education. As Mark Twain said, so long ago- dont let your schooling interfere with your education. We are all familiar with Robin Hood

Claudius McKay

Near the beginning of the twentieth century, a Jamaican, came to New York and changed the entire path of scurrilous quite a littles lifestyle. Claudius McKay became virtuoso of the major encourager of the Harlem Renaissance in 1916. The 1920s literary advancement of the arts and literature stayed for merely ten years, but it foreverlastingly affected the path of African American existence in the America. (Holcomb, 57) Claudius McKay passed away in a comparative insignificance subsequent to his recognition had gradually improved, in order that he is now regarded as one of the main authors of Black literature.Life and WorksClaudius McKay was born in 1889 in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica and his father and mother both were greatly valued part of the district and also of the neighboring cathedral. McKays brother who was a teacher near Montego Bay, taught him in the early years. When he was eighteen years old, he was interned at a furniture making bring out in Browns Town.Although this i nternship was not for along period of metre but it was this place where McKay actually got a chance to do a violate internship of a different type. A British member of the aristocracy named Walter Jekyll, who was also an apprentice of Jamaican society, acquainted with the youthful Claude and commenced his literary schooling. As McKay remembered after some(prenominal) years in his biography in, A Long Way from home plate, that it was basically Jekyll who accustomed him to an entire new world. (Schwarz, 126)Walter Jekyll understood and polished McKays ability writing excellent poems and he supported him in using that ability by working for his very own Jamaican language. This resulted in the publication of Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads. Songs of Jamaica was some commemoration of farmer lifestyle, to some extent following the style of Robert Burns, whereas Constab Ballads followed the style of Rudyard Kipling, depicting McKays experience of being a constable while he was i n Kingston in Jamaica. (James, 131)Kingston presented McKay his foremost experience of urban lifestyle, and his foremost actual experience of racial discrimination. The dislike of the urban white people and mulatto elite classes for countryside and working-class African American was an unlikable disclosure. The most obvious racial discrimination that McKay observed in Kingston, nevertheless, was in no way Jamaican in foundationit was brought in the shape of travelers of America.McKay was bound to know this kind of racial discrimination much more thoroughly in the coming years, which is wherefore just after a few months in the Kingston he gave his resignation for his job and went to America. (Schwarz, 129) In 1912, firstly he registered at Tuskegee Institution and and then at Kansas State University, to learn agronomy. He planned to come back to Jamaica to assist in modernizing the isles farming. This plan could have been successful thus far for a present of few thousand dollars f rom an anonymous supporter that compensated McKays ticket to New York, where he spent his money in a restaurant. The restaurant did not survive for a long time however McKay got a definite comfort in the activities and liveliness of the New York.For next some(prenominal) years he employed at different places doing different things like bartender, fire brigadier, and lastly as a waiter. This was nonetheless, one more internship the job where he furthermore increased the compassion for the lower class that stayed with him his entire life. From the time when he was young he had inclined tactfully in the direction of communism, and his time spent with the working class strengthened his viewpoints. (LeSeur, 35)His awareness slightly racial discrimination increased close with his class awareness. For the period of his work and increasing racial consciousness, he put it all in writing in the form of literature. By 1918, he started a extensive connection with Max Eastman who was the edito r of a renowned journal named The Liberator. After that McKay started to publish poetry and articles in this avant-garde magazine, and finally turned out to be an associate editor.Later on in reaction to that years blood-spattered after warfare racial unrest, McKay published his famous poem If We Must Die in the magazine The Liberator. The bold way and the open indignation of the poem attracted the African Americans, and almost immediately McKay was at the front position of African American writers. (LeSeur, 51)After that McKay experienced one more unexpected twist which played an central role in his life and work. Prior to his recently successful repute had a prospect to boom, he went to United Kingdom where he lived for one year, wrote and edited for a socialist newspaper, named Workers Dreadnought, and later on in 1920, published his primary manuscript of poems ever since the Jamaican volumes, which included Spring in New Hampshire and Other Poems.Then he went back to New York in the beginning of 1921 and worked for another two years for The Liberator, and published an excellent piece of poetry and meanwhile worked on his most important book of poetry named Harlem Shadows. (Hathaway, 23) When it was published in 1922, Wayne Cooper observed that by that time McKay was straight away complimented as the finest African Black poet. Yet another time he did not remain in success for a long time. By this time he was exhausted and wanted something different, particularly subsequent to an unexpected encounter with his ex-wife brought back old wound. By the end of 1922, he toured to Moscow for the Fourth Congress of the Third International.He was instantly liked by the people of Moscow and was permitted to speak to the Congress regarding the dilemma of African Americans and about the issue of racial discrimination among the communalist Party. He was welcomed like a black icon in the flesh. It appeared that he was on the brink of a hopeful occupational group as a sup porting advocate however regardless of his achievement in Russia, he could still see himself mainly as an author. When he go forth Russia, he was enthusiastic about restarting what he believed the contemporary authors appropriate role that is to document as fine as he whitethorn well the reality of his personal knowledge.In 1934, using the assistance of a few American associates, McKay went to New York. He wished to be of help to the African American community, nevertheless when he returned he saw a ruined economic situation, nearly widespread African American poverty, and less unanimity amongst those writers and scholars he had carriage forward to work with in coming years.As far his aspiration being a writer was concerned, the Harlem Renaissance had ended American black authors were no longer in vogue. (Hathaway, 26) He was unable to find a publisher for his book and also he could not find any kind of work, and refractory to set up a Camp Greycourt which was a government welfar e camp in a remote area of New York. Luckily, Max Eastman came and pull through him from this camp and helped him to get hold of a job with the Federal Writers Project.By the end of 1937 he finished up his autobiography, A Long Way from Home. This book did not result in a significant literary or a monetary achievement. His final piece of work known as Harlem Negro Metropolis was also unsuccessful. (James, 148)A few years before his death, McKay was baptized into the Roman Catholic church. This was he appeared to have established peace in himself, although his letters disclose a lasting resentment over his group. With his new faith, however, came a fulfilling participation in Chicagos Catholic Youth agreement and the chance to continue to write. His health declined with time, and on May 22, 1948, he died due to heart attack.ConclusionClaudius McKay was the voice of the evicted, the demoralized and the discriminated. He was one of the most important poetic voices of the Harlem Renai ssance. He was one of the top poets who had represented the discriminated people around the world. Last but not the least he was one of the voices for universal self-worth and unity.Works CitedHathaway, Heather. Caribbean Waves Relocating Claude McKay and Paule Marshall. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1999. pg 23-27.Holcomb, Gary Edward. Claude McKay, Code Name Sasha Queer Black Marxism and the Harlem Renaissance. Gainesville University Press of Florida, 2007. pg 56-63.James, Winston. A Fierce Hatred of Injustice Claude McKays Jamaica and His Poetry of Rebellion. New York Verso, 2000. pg 131-149.LeSeur, Geta. Claude McKays Marxism. In The Harlem Renaissance Revaluations, edited by Amritjit Singh, William S. Shiver, and Stanley Brodwin. New York Garland, 1989. pg 34-54.Schwarz, A. B. Christa. Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 2003. pg 126-129..

Financing SME Essay

The definition of Sm altogether & Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) varies from country to country. The classification green goddess be ground on the firms as makes, number of employees, or annual disturbance along with the loan amount. Central Bank of Sri Lanka defines SMEs as enterprises with less than Rs. 600 million turnover per annum and with a maximum exposure of Rs. 200 million principally to be classified as a SME for Basel II Capital adequacy calculation and manipulation of funds accumulated in the Investment Fund Account in Banks.Whatever the definition, and regardless of the size of the economy, the result of SMEs throughout the region is crucial to growth of respective economies. Because, SMEs play a critical and important role in providing job opportunities, enhancing the quality of human resources, maximizing the use of local resources, saving irrelevant exchange, nurturing a culture of entrepreneurship, fostering creativity and opening up new barter opportunities etc. about corporate organizations in Sri Lanka or elsewhere be the establishments started as SMEs in its early stages.Classic examples from our own country may be Nawaloka Group, Access International, Softlogic Group of companies. In most literature, it is menti one and only(a)d that access to financial backing has been accept as a major impediment for many SMEs and its growth, whereas corporate curse line entities have the advantage over the SMEs in doing so primarily as a result of their formalization. However, according to Juliet Mckee and Kimball Dietrich (2003), most common problems for SMEs ar the lack of access to market entropy and technology, the low quality of human resources and the lack of access to capital. in spite of efforts by pecuniary institutions and public-sector bodies to close funding gaps, SMEs continue to experience difficulty in obtaining risk capital. These funding gaps relate to firm size, risk, knowledge, and flexibility. The break outment literature focalise a good deal of attention on issues faced by SMEs in accessing finance. Traditionally, the focus is on obstacles created by monetary institutions, mainly by commercial banks or on imperfections in the broader institutional environment.However, SMEs also make decisions about financial support and display attitudes that have an important bearing on backing decisions. Therefore, constraints may also appear on the demand side of the financing market. Objective of this article is to discuss the key challenges and issues for bankers pertaining to SME lending, of which, fortune of them ar inherent in SMEs and for others bankers are responsible. 1. Issues of SMEs 1. 1 Lack of fiscal literacy or atonic fiscal literacyIn the literature, lack of financial literacy is designated as informational asymmetries where SMEs typically posses privileged information on their business that cannot be easily accessed or cannot be accessed at all by lenders or outsiders. Reasons fo r this may vary and also have different perspectives. SMEs are mainly driven by entrepreneurs who have nurtured in their own ways to prospective SMEs. As a result of hard ways of development, they either had no m to devote further education or do not believe in learning.This is evident from the recognise applications that are submitted to banks for financing. This eventually leads to low levels of financial literacy among entrepreneurs. pecuniary literacy is the ability to understand how money works in the world how someone manages to earn or make it, how that individual manages it, how he/she invests it (turn it into much) and how that person donates it to help others. more(prenominal) specifically, it refers to the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resource.Though many SME owners are sound in developing business models and working out the profitability of products and services, sense ab out the macro picture of the SMEs overall financial standing in terms of profit and sacking account, balance sheet and cash flows is week. As a result, they sometimes opt to resort to outsiders or merely depend on themselves in preparation of financial information which may or may not reflect the actual picture of the SMEs. Because of this impediment, banks have no choice, just to depend on collateral for SME financing.At the backdrop cash flow lending is encouraged, financial institutions are struggling to project the SMEs sustainable bankability. This is recognized as the main obstacle for banks and financial institutions in financing SMEs. One of the options to counter this impediment is the concept of Para accountant. A Para accountant is an external consultant who uses finance, economics, risk vigilance and technology skills to help organizations prepare and report financial and appraise statements according to accounting principles and regulatory implyments.A Para account ant also may review a firms internal controls, processes and procedures to ensure that such controls are adequate. A Para accountant may work on a clients site or remotely. They are not necessarily qualified accountants, however, might be an option. Bankers prime objective in this endeavor is to develop reliable sources of information so that they could project the sustainable cash flows of the business.With this objective banks could train their credit appraisal officers as Para Accountants, who will interacts with prospective SMEs and develop a set of financial information while modify the banking blood over a period of time. 1. 2 Entrepreneurs knowledge about building a prospective banking alliance A banking family is about much more than just selecting a bank to handle a companys bank accounts. If the relationship is managed well, it can help a company to thrive. SMEs that use more than one bank will need to manage multiple banking relationships.A company will start have a business account (or several) at a retail bank (or banks) for all day-to-day financial transactions. Whether it is retail, SME or corporate, the banks should have a police squad of business banking advisers on hand, to advise and guide a company. Its important to ensure continuity banks usually offer a contact with a designated person and in turn expect to deal with the same person or persons from the company. A good banking relationship depends not only on personal rapport, only if also by having a solid understanding of the company and its financial needs.Over time, a banking adviser should build up a good understanding of the companys preferred ways of doing business and incorporate that into how their banking requirements are handled. There are many advantages having a sound banking relationship for SMEs. The bank is more likely to offer loans and other lines of credit, potentially at preferential rates of interest, if the bank advisers feel there is a good relationship with the company. The banks advice can be tailored for the companys needs and personal style, rather than given generically.In times of crisis, a company having its banks support will be crucial. Even if a company is a text-book case of insolvency, strong personal rapport with a company representative office that the bank is more likely to offer leeway if it knows that directors are doing their utmost to keep the company going. Failure to develop a strong relationship, however, means that the SME is likely to miss out on good advice and, crucially, support in times of difficulty. However, unfortunately, many SMEs are not on the right track to understand the enormousness of having a good banking relationship.Given that no sound financial information are available, at least, SMEs should try to maintain a healthy customer relationship with the financial institution to entice financial needs, especially in difficult periods. It is both Bankers and SMEs responsibility of developing a prospe ctive banking relationship over a period of time without compromising risk capital. More than the credit facilities, credit plus would be reasonably appropriate to start such a relationship and then move into advanced levels of relationships along with credit facilities. 1. 3 Financial discipline of entrepreneursAs Henry Ford correctly cited, Wealth does not surveil accidently. You have to plan for it. Ones discipline explains the right behavior and ability to take decisions without emotions. Hence, financial discipline is all about right financial decisions. In order to be financially discipline one should understand concepts of accounting and financial management in SME business. Accounting in general is all about record keeping and developing summary financial reports. Most commonly available financial reports or information are the profit and personnel casualty account, balance sheet and the cash flow statement.Unless SMEs keep records of their daily activities, it is difficu lt to develop financial statements with regard to their businesses. With no financial statements, SMEs will always debate in making financial decisions. More often, there is no clear distinction between the business finance and the finances of the proprietor. Therefore, it is critical that the lender examines carefully borrowers all commitments, i. e. , those related directly to the business and those associated with the proprietors private life and assets. Lack of Business Planning is a result of weakfinancial indiscipline in SMEs where investment decisions, working capital decisions, even pricing decisions are based on the entrepreneurs values than on items. The lack of decorous financial discipline results in incorrect business decisions, which hampers the sustainability of the SMEs. MacRobert (2002), in his SME manual explains why SME borrowers are different to commercial and corporate borrowers. One of the common reasons is unenlightened/ untrained principals. Many SME pri ncipals in the Asia-Pacific region are self-starters, often with limited formal education, and minimal training in business management skills.That is not to aver that they are incompetent, but that they often lack the capacity to research information on ways to strengthen their businesses, and, indeed, to be aware that such resources even exists. power of the bankers in this regard is to educate the importance of financial discipline through strong banking relationships. Bankers are one of the key sources, to get SMEs to believe in financial discipline. Bank officers should take the initiatives in this endeavor to educate the SME owners. Role of the Government is also a key imperative in developing required tributary environment through institutional and policy frameworks.Some universities in Sri Lanka have already started dedicated departments to teach courses related entrepreneurship. (Example University of Sri Jayewardenepura and University of Colombo) and It is important to n ote that Business studies is part of the GCE A/L curriculum. Recent budget proposals in 2011, 2012 and 2013 has given enough support to encourage SMEs and SME financing and one of the genuinely useful proposals was to direct regime banks to set up dedicated SME Branches not only to facilitate SMEs with easy access to finance, but also to educate SME owners and to guide and direct them to right places and people.However, strengthening the institutional framework to develop business development support services is also an imperative. 2. Issues with Banks SMEs are not only critical to the economy, but also to the banks profitability. Most diversified banks maintain a substantial percentage of exposure to the SMEs as a strategic investment given the diversity within the SME portfolio itself. It is always profitable, but need to properly evaluate and closely monitor the delinquencies to avoid any credit risks.It is a perception as well as a fact sometimes, that SMEs are always highly r isky as explained by many banks. It may be due to several factors including, non availability of financial information, no tax returns, no collateral, one man show, highly sensitive to economic conditions, no proper organizational structure, and many more. These are reasons given to avoid or very conservative underwriting of SME credit proposals. As a result of these reasons, credit policies of financial institutions are based on stringent credit guidelines. 2.Institutional framework with keep process issues In the case of many developing countries, the above mentioned obstacles to SME financing are exacerbated by institutional and process factors. Most developing countries are quench highly concentrated and have uncompetitive banking sectors. This reinforces the tendency to adopt conservative lending policies. Credit policies which mainly cover the credit risk and market risk, back a processes which covers many elements to secure exposure, while satisfying the regulators require ments.This eventually results in a value driven Credit culture in financial institutions. According to MacDonald and Timothy (2006), managements credit policy determines how much risk the bank will take and in what form. A banks credit culture refers to the fundamental principles that drive lending activity and how management analyzes risk. There can be large differences in their lending philosophy. The trinity potentially different credit cultures are values driven, current profit driven, and market share driven.The institutional framework is reflected through the credit policy in this part of the world, the tendency is to inculcate a value driven credit culture, which has the following attributes Focus is on credit quality with strong risk management systems and controls Primary emphasis is on banks soundness and stability and a consistent market presence Underwriting is conservative and significant loan concentrations are not allowed.Typical outcome is lower current profits from loans with fewer loan losses It is evident with lower non- performing ratios prevailing in banks justifies that credit risk is covered with loan risk mitigation factors and discourage granting venture capital to SMEs. Eventually, SMEs need to resort to acceptable securities which hinders them from easy access to finance from financial institutions. 2. 2 Collateral syndrome (Risk avert) inexpugnable value driven credit cultures in financial institutions always tighten the belts in covering credit risk. Unless the financial institutions develop competencies in cash flow based lending, credit officers have no choice but to cover themselves with collateral in risky SME lending. Competencies itself will not drive the business unless the risky lending is rewarded with challenging business targets.Security based lending propositions are gradually becoming unhealthy for economies as it discourages strategically important investment decisions. Government of Sri Lanka recently enacted legis lations to ease the pressure on SMEs through amendment of Parate execution where normal civil procedure of debt recovery should be use for loans below Rs. five million with security of property mortgages. 2. 3 Weak competency in building cash flow based lending propositions Strong value based credit policies encourage security oriented lending and creates knowledge gaps in credit officers. Security oriented lending does not require strict cash flow projections and credit evaluations.Developing cash flow projections is an art and requires overall knowledge about the industry, technology, external factors (external climate) and specific firms (internal climate) along with econometrics modelling to analyze the cash flows. When it comes to large projects, knowledge in project appraisals and risk analysis will help the credit officers to get exposed to project financing. At the backdrop of investor confidence and developing businesses in emerging economies, venturing into risky business propositions is in the agenda of the banking and financial intuitions. Financing SMEs are risky but at the same time profitable, so indeed banks need to develop how best they could mitigate the risk of these ventures. One of the options is to gradually develop a culture of SME financing with confidence through development of competencies in their credit officers.Competency development not only addresses econometric techniques of analyzing and evaluating the credit proposals, but also industry knowledge and exposure, experiences of sick industries and business units, world politics and world economics, knowledge in emerging markets and technologies, behaviors and issues of labor, understanding the entrepreneurship etc. Conclusion Many of the literature examine the issues of financing SMEs world over. However, there are key issues not only from the SMEs point of view, but also from the financial institutions and, governments point of views. No one can expect the SMEs to nurture in bes t practices all by themselves. In this regard, the role of financial intuitions is greater, when it comes to inculcate and nurture SMEs in the right directions. The issues for SME financing discussed above are the keys, but there are many others which needs further discussions.